“…However, the major limitations of the Bi-2223 system applications are the intergrain weak links and weak flux pining capability. For example, the intragrain and intergrain properties of the Bi-2223 system are influenced differently by the partial substitution of (Cu) by 3d elements [6,7]. Substitution of low-concentration of Sb (in place of Pb) promotes the formation of Bi-2223 phase [8].…”