“…In a bid to solve the challenges of feed cost and shortages, several locally available alternatives such as by-products from crop harvests, processing, biomass, and foliage have been explored ( Alencar et al., 2021 ; Dida, Challi & Gangasahay, 2019 ; Li, Zhou, Xu & Zi, 2019 ; Pandi et al., 2016 ). The partial replacement of conventional livestock feeds with these by-products is common in developing countries such as Nigeria, and has been reported in previous research ( Ashayerizadeh, Dastar, Shargh, Mahoonak & Zerehdaran, 2018 ; Damasceno et al., 2020 ; Souza et al., 2020 ). Bambara nut by-products have been successfully used as additives/supplements in fingerling, rabbit and broiler feeds ( Nnamani, 2010 ).…”