“…Designing and controlling the intense local electric field and/ or polarization in solids is vital for emerging electronics, such as high-performance field-effect transistors, ferroelectric random access memory and multiferroic devices in the nanoscale (de Araujo et al, 1995;Auciello et al, 1998;Haertling, 1999;Scott, 2000;Dawber et al, 2005;Schilling et al, 2007;Chung et al, 2011;Yamada et al, 2012;Keeney et al, 2012aKeeney et al, ,b, 2013Maity et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012). Dielectric properties have been mainly discussed in terms of macroscopic properties based on measurements of dielectric permittivity (") and electric polarization (P) under electric fields (E) for bulk samples so far.…”