“…A better understanding of the micro material scale is necessary to ensure that certain types of failure mechanism do not arise, such as low cycle fatigue (LCF) crack initiation, ratchetting, cyclically enhanced creep or creep ratchetting. This involves the determination of the shakedown limit, ratchet limit, plastic strain range for LCF assessment, and creep cyclic plasticity interaction (Barbera et al, 2016b;Giugliano et al, 2017;Giugliano and Chen, 2016). The schematic representation of the stress-strain material response due to cyclic loading with creep dwell at the tensile peak, as reported in (Barbera et al, 2016b), clarifies the importance of the aforementioned design limits.…”