Effect of firing temperature on physico-mechanical properties of contemporary clay brick productions in Lalitpur, Nepal

Bohara, NB; Ghale, DB; Chapagain, YP; Duwal, Nirjan; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh

doi:10.3329/bjsir.v55i1.46731

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…According to the experimental research of making bricks using raw materials from modern production in Turkey, compression strength gradually increased with increasing temperature from 700°C to 950°C, but afterward, it significantly decreased, depending on the mineralogical composition. After the temperature of 1000°C-1100°C the bricks started to melt [144][145]. Most Roman pottery, bricks, and tiles were made with clay which becomes reactive with lime when fired at temperatures of 600-1000°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the mechanical strengths of the bricks depending on the firing temperature, possible "overfired" terracotta was probably later rejected by Romans, as having lower values of mechanical properties [145] for use as building elements. We do not know if these elements, fired on a temperature higher than the average limit for having pozzolanic features, but less than the average limited melting temperature (depending on the particular composition) were sometimes used by Romans in Viminacium as mortar additions instead since they could still have pozzolanic features, or they were rejected and used as a rubble material for the wall infills.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape. Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)

Nikolić¹,

Delić-Nikolić²,

Jovičić³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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During the MoDeCo2000 scientific and research project on mortars used in the territory of the Roman Danube Limes in Serbia, the biggest challenge was the quest for the provenance of used raw materials. The area where the largest city in the province of Moesia Superior developed, with millennial continuity of land use and settlement, was selected as a case study for deeper research. The material and immaterial values of Roman Viminacium have survived in the later life of the landscape, through the preserved building remains and artifacts, secondary use of building materials, but also toponyms, customs, and stories. Recycling of materials is commonly recognised in the modern age as the industrial processing of existing products in order to obtain raw materials and later prepare new products, representing one of the basic elements of sustainability. However, people throughout history have always used what they had at hand and the building remains were reused, but also recycled for new constructions. In this study we follow the presence of the specific material we call natural brick in the historical Viminacium landscape, focusing on Roman construction and specifically its potential use in lime mortars, connecting humanistic and natural sciences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape. Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)

Nikolić¹,

Delić-Nikolić²,

Jovičić³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…In the past, a few researchers studied the geological genesis [25][26][27][28][29], mineralogical [30][31][32][33], physicosintering [34][35][36][37], and ceramics [38][39][40] properties of clay minerals/soils of Nepal. A detailed study about the properties of porcelain raw materials deposited in Pachamane (Shivapuri conservation area of Kathmandu district) and Daman (Makawanpur district) areas of Nepal was carried out since the 1990s [9,32,[41][42][43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis Exploration of White Clays Deposited in Thimi Area of Kathmandu Valley

Dhakal¹,

Duwal²,

Adhikari³

et al. 2021

J. Nepal Chem. Soc.

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The geological genesis of the Thimi-Sanothimi white clay deposits of Kathmandu Valley was explored employing mineralogical and chemical analyses in this research. For the study, two sample specimens of the clay having two types of particle size, i.e., about < 63 µm (bulk) and < 2 µm (fine), were separated with the help of standard sieve mesh which further modified using high-temperature heat, and 1 M HCl and 1 M KCl solution treatments. For the most part, both the clay fractions constituted of 2:1 type of vermiculite and mica (mainly of K-mica type) clay minerals with different feldspars and quartz phases as clay admixtures from the results of the mineralogical phase analysis. The chemical constituents of the clay particles with < 63 µm, < 2 µm, and the HCl-treated sample specimens confirmed the existence of a high quantity of SiO2 with comparatively low Al2O3 which indicates the presence of fewer amounts of the vermiculite and mica minerals comparatively with feldspars and quart admixtures in the analyzed white clay samples. Moreover, the clay sample contained a considerable quantity of Fe2O3 and MgO chemicals which are not favorable raw material constituents for good quality porcelains and white-wares products without refining and chemical-modifications. The present work could be the first step to explore its potentiality in various industrial sectors like table-ware, sanitary-ware, brick and tile ceramics, paper and pulp, petrochemical, pharmaceutical including environmental pollution controlling agents in Nepal.

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“…Clay mineral deposited in Nepal studies by a few researchers in the past. The geo-mineralogical [41]- [47] and ceramic [48]- [54] properties of clay minerals/soils reported in previous studies. Similarly, inclusive studies of the porcelain properties of the raw kaolin clay deposits of Pachamane (Shivapuri Conservation area) and Daman (Makawanpur district) areas carry out since the 1990s [10], [55]- [59].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Analysis of Thimi White Clay Deposits of Bhaktapur District, Nepal

Bhattarai

Dhakal

Duwal

et al. 2021

EJENG

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Clay deposits become one of the natural mineral sources used abundantly as cost-effective raw materials for various industrial productions in recent years that use depend mainly on their quantification done by rational analysis. The rational analysis is a reliable and optimization method for the quantitative determination of all mineralogical components and structural formulae of the clay minerals that furnishes all their properties. However, no work reports the aspect of the quantitative analysis of the clay minerals deposited in Nepal. Considering the facts, the present work targeted to carry out the rational analysis of a bulk (BC), fine (FC), and HCl-activated Thimi white clay (FCHCl) sample specimens to explore its potential uses in all industrial sectors, based on their chemical and mineralogical analysis data. Vermiculite, K-mica minerals with feldspars and quartz as assessors confirmed qualitatively in the Thimi white clay sample specimens, and their quantification of all the mineralogical components and their ionic structural formulae successfully estimated at present. The quantitative amounts of the iron-bearing vermiculite and K-mica minerals are increased with decreases of the quartz and Na-mica in the fine clay particles compared to the bulk clay sample. Acid-activated fine clay particles would apply as a suitable raw material for the quality production of white-wares on an industrial scale.

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Effect of firing temperature on physico-mechanical properties of contemporary clay brick productions in Lalitpur, Nepal

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape. Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)

Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape. Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)

Genesis Exploration of White Clays Deposited in Thimi Area of Kathmandu Valley

Rational Analysis of Thimi White Clay Deposits of Bhaktapur District, Nepal

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