Effect of Flame Retardants and Electrolyte Variations on Li-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are being increasingly used and deployed commercially. Cell-level improvements that address flammability characteristics and thermal runaway are currently being intensively tested and explored. In this study, three additives—namely, lithium oxalate, sodium fumarate and sodium malonate—which exhibit fire-retardant properties are investigated with respect to their incorporation into graphite anodes and their electro/chemical interactions within the anode and the cell material studied. It has been shown that flame-retardant concentrations of up to approximately 20 wt.% within the anode coating do not cause significant capacity degradation but can provide a flame-retardant effect due to their inherent, fire-retardant release of CO2 gas. The flame-retardant-containing layers exhibit good adhesion to the current collector. Their suitability in lithium-ion cells was tested in pouch cells and, when compared to pure graphite anodes, showed almost no deterioration regarding cell capacity when used in moderate (≤20 wt.%) concentrations.

From Powder to Pouch Cell: Setting up a Sodium-Ion Battery Reference System Based on Na3V2(PO4)3/C and Hard Carbon

“…In light for better comparison of full-cell results, FEC-free electrolyte was used, and it can be assumed that the elemental sodium used as a reference electrode reacted with the FEC-free electrolyte, causing substantial side reactions. [34] This issue could possibly be resolved by use of a different electrolyte or reference electrode, [35] such as Na3V2(PO4)3. [36] Based on all four C/10 formation cycles of all four cells, the discharge capacities of the wellfunctioning cell formats 02 (a) to 04 (c) are in the range of 90.6 mAh/g to 94.8 mAh/g corresponding to the NVP active material.…”

Synergistic Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Benzoxazine/Aluminum Trihydrate Adhesive Composites

“…Under the increasing safety concerns, flame retardant adhesives attract enormous attention in the automotive, electronic, and construction industries. The adhesives are designed to provide thermal runaway protection and cell-to-cell bonding of battery systems in electric vehicles [1][2][3]. Regarding the electronic assemblies such as power conversion units and cooling devices, fire blocking characteristics through system design or component materials are required [4][5][6].…”

Synergistic Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Benzoxazine/Aluminum Trihydrate Adhesive Composites

“…Due to rising increasing concerns, flame-retardant adhesives are attracting enormous attention in the automotive, electronic, and construction industries. The adhesives are designed to provide thermal runaway protection and the cell-to-cell bonding of battery systems in electric vehicles [1][2][3]. Regarding the electronic assemblies such as power conversion units and cooling devices, fire-blocking characteristics must be developed through the design of efficient system or the use of adequate component materials [4][5][6].…”