Effect of flaxseed oil on muscle protein loss and carbohydrate oxidation impairment in a pig model after lipopolysaccharide challenge

Abstract

Flaxseed oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is the metabolic precursor of EPA and DHA. The present study investigated the effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy and carbohydrate oxidation impairment in a piglet model. Twenty-four weaned pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment including dietary treatment (5 % maize oil v. 5 % flaxseed oil) and LPS challenge (saline v. LPS). On day 21 of treatment, the pigs were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg/kg body weight LPS or sterile saline. At 4 h after injection, blood, gastrocnemius muscle and longissimus dorsi muscle were collected. Flaxseed oil supplementation increased ALA, EPA, total n-3 PUFA contents, protein:DNA ratio and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex quantity in muscles (P < 0·05). In addition, flaxseed oil reduced mRNA expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain protein (NOD) 2 and their downstream signalling molecules in muscles and decreased plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (P < 0·05). Moreover, flaxseed oil inclusion increased the ratios of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) 1:total Akt1 and phosphorylated Forkhead box O (FOXO) 1:total FOXO1 and reduced mRNA expression of FOXO1, muscle RING finger (MuRF) 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 in muscles (P < 0·05). These results suggest that flaxseed oil might have a positive effect on alleviating muscle protein loss and carbohydrates oxidation impairment induced by LPS challenge through regulation of the TLR4/NOD and Akt/FOXO signalling pathways.

Kinetics of changes in gene and microRNA expression related with muscle inflammation and protein degradation following LPS-challenge in weaned piglets

“…11 We have found that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and mRNA expression of genes related to inflammation and protein degradation in muscles increased in weaned pigs 4 h after LPS challenge. 12,13 Previous studies have reported that innate immune cells could be in diverse states with different degrees of pro-and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, 14,15 accompanied by varying consequences for host defense and inflammation. 16 Although LPS has been used for decades for the induction of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, the response and kinetics of inflammation varied extensively depending on the LPS timing.…”

Pharmacological Applications and Action Mechanisms of Phytochemicals as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Pig Production

“…And the genes of D5D (Δ5-desaturase) and D6D (Δ6-desaturase) expression of piglets are affected ( 52 ). Flaxseed oil may have a positive effect on alleviating muscle protein loss and carbohydrate oxidation impairment induced by LPS challenge through regulation of TLR4/NOD and Akt/FOXO signaling pathways ( 53 ). Murtilla or murta ( Ugni molinae Turcz), a plant of the Myrtaceae family, is rich in phenolic components.…”

Dietary Fatty Acid Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome via the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Affects Chondrocyte Pyroptosis

“…The mature IL-1 β and IL-18 molecules are secreted through cell membrane pores constituted by GSDMD proteins and exacerbate the inflammatory response to pyroptosis [ 33 – 35 ]. In contrast, n-3 PUFAs can inhibit inflammatory signaling pathways by suppressing TLR-induced signaling [ 36 , 37 ] and suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activity, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects and the inhibition of pyroptosis development [ 38 ]. Few studies have examined the effects of MUFAs and n-6 PUFAs on TLR4 signaling and pyroptosis, and their results have been mixed.…”