Effect of Foot Position on Gastrocnemius/Soleus Stretching in Subjects With Normal Flexibility

Worrell, Teddy W.; McCullough, Maureen; Pfeiffer, Andrea

doi:10.2519/jospt.1994.19.6.352

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

1994

DOI: 10.2519/jospt.1994.19.6.352

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Effect of Foot Position on Gastrocnemius/Soleus Stretching in Subjects With Normal Flexibility

Teddy W. Worrell¹,

Maureen McCullough²,

Andrea Pfeiffer³

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Cited by 27 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, knowing the lasting effects of static stretching protocols is also of interest. Eight studies 6,8,10,12,17,28,29,31 describing the specifics of shortand long-term stretching of the calf MTU in individuals without impairment of ADFROM are reviewed below.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The number of stretches varied from 1 stretch 6,8,28 to 5 stretches, 10,17 with a median of 3 stretches per treatment session. The frequency of stretching ranged from 1 bout 6,8,19,28,31 to daily stretches for 2 weeks, 29 12 weeks, 10 and 24 weeks. 8 Sample sizes ranged from 8 to 36 subjects, with a median of 20 subjects per study.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The most popular method for stretching the calf MTU was the standing wall stretch. 6,8,10,17,19,29 Alternately, Zito et al 31 had their subjects perform 1 bout of 2 static standing stretches of 15 seconds each, with the heel suspended off a platform. Wessling et al 28 used a mechanical pulley-and-weight system with the subject prone on a treatment table.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Six studies 6,8,10,19,28,29 reported small gains (1°-5°) in ADFROM, which were measured immediately after the final bout of stretching. Two studies examined the lasting effects of stretching the calf MTU over time spans ranging from 90 seconds to 24 hours.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This posture simulates the position of the ankle joint of the posterior leg during the stance phase of gait just before heel rise. 21,24 We did not attempt to have the subjects keep the subtalar joint in a neutral position because Worrell et al 29 reported no difference in ADFROM between the supinated and pronated stretching positions. Subjects in our study were instructed to move their right foot back from the wall until they felt a substantial pull in the posterior calf that was just short of being painful.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Static Stretching of the Calf Muscle-Tendon Unit on Active Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion

Youdas

Krause

Egan

et al. 2003

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: Masked randomized trial. Objective: To examine the effects of a 6-week program of static stretching of the calf muscle-tendon unit (MTU) on active ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADFROM) in healthy subjects. Background: Static stretching of the calf MTU is often prescribed to increase flexibility in patients with shortened connective tissues or to maintain ADFROM in healthy individuals. Presently, physical therapists lack specific information on the optimal dosage of calf MTU stretching necessary to produce improvement in ADFROM. Methods and Measures: One hundred one adults (63 women, 38 men; mean age ± SD, 40.0 ± 10.9 years; range, 21-59) with no visual evidence of gait impairment due to lower-extremity dysfunction participated in the study. Active ADFROM was measured with a universal goniometer. Participants were randomly assigned to group 1, no stretch controls (n = 24), or to 1 of 3 experimental groups carrying out a 6-week program of standing wall stretches once per day: individuals in group 2 stretched for 30 seconds (n = 26); individuals in group 3 stretched for 1 minute (n = 24); individuals in group 4 stretched for 2 minutes (n = 27). Results: After 6 weeks, the results of an analysis of variance found no effect of treatment on active ADFROM. Conclusion:The results of this study show that a 6-week program of once-per-day static stretching for up to 2 minutes is not sufficient to increase active ADFROM in healthy subjects. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33:408-417

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Effect of Static Stretching of the Calf Muscle-Tendon Unit on Active Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion

Youdas

Krause

Egan

et al. 2003

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Calf muscle architecture and function in ultra runners and low physical activity individuals: A comparative review

et al. 2018

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Introduction: There is a high incidence of calf injuries in ultradistance runners. Due to the low load, high volume nature of ultradistance running, the stimulation for adaptation in the gastrocnemius from running alone, may not be sufficient to stimulate adaptation. The purpose of this study was to assess the adaption in the architectural and functional components of the calf in ultradistance runners. Methods: Thirty participants (16 ultradistance runners, 14 low physical activities)were recruited for this study. Ultrasound assessment of the gastrocnemius muscle architecture, including fascicle length, thickness, pennation angle, volume, and physiological cross-sectional area was performed. Functional tests assessing calf flexibility and calf muscle-tendon unit endurance were performed. Results: No significant differences were observed in medial gastrocnemius thickness, fascicle length, or pennation angle between groups. Gastrocnemius PCSA and volume were significantly increased in runners compared to low physical activity participants (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). Average calf endurance was significantly increased in runners (P = 0.03). Conclusions:Ultradistance running training appears to stimulate relatively few changes in the medial gastrocnemius. It is possible that an absence of adaptation in the architecture of the medial gastrocnemius in response to endurance training might contribute to the high incidence of calf injuries among ultradistance runners. K E Y W O R D Sarchitecture, gastrocnemius, running, ultradistance, ultrasound

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Ankle dorsiflexion: what is normal? Development of a decision pathway for diagnosing impaired ankle dorsiflexion and M. gastrocnemius tightness

Baumbach

Braunstein

Seeliger

et al. 2016

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg

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Based on an extensive systematic approach, physiological values for ADF were assessed in a large asymptomatic population. This allowed the definition of a decision pathway to diagnose impaired ADF and MGT. Patients presenting with pathologies associated with impaired ADF should be examined according to the herein presented examination protocol. This systematic approach provides a consistent definition of impaired ADF and MGT, which is the prerequisite to study the effectiveness of treatment strategies for MGT.

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Effect of Foot Position on Gastrocnemius/Soleus Stretching in Subjects With Normal Flexibility

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

The Effect of Static Stretching of the Calf Muscle-Tendon Unit on Active Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion

The Effect of Static Stretching of the Calf Muscle-Tendon Unit on Active Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion

Calf muscle architecture and function in ultra runners and low physical activity individuals: A comparative review

Ankle dorsiflexion: what is normal? Development of a decision pathway for diagnosing impaired ankle dorsiflexion and M. gastrocnemius tightness

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