Effect of fuel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content on the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagenic substances from a gasoline-fueled automobile

Westerholm, Roger; Alsberg, Tomas; Frommelin, Aake B.; Strandell, Michael; Rannug, Ulf; Winquist, Lars; Grigoriadis, Vassilios; Egebaeck, K E

doi:10.1021/es00173a010

Cited by 124 publications

(81 citation statements)

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“…Schuetzle has also reported similar results (20). However, using the cryogenic condenser technique (21) the mutagenic activity of the semi-volatile phase was determined to be approximately 30 to 50% of the total mutagenicity (15,22,23 (25). As for gasoline-fueled vehicles earlier presented, the evaluation, in conjunction with bioassay tests, characterizes both regulated and unregulated pollutants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…However, studies of exhaust emissions from gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles, with and without a three-way catalyst, have been carried out in combination with bioassay tests to obtain emission factors for both regulated and unregulated pollutants (13,14). Both Table PAH formed in the exhaust emission, the from catalyst-intercept value can be interpreted as PAH d a dramatic formed in the combustion process (15,17). from the vehi-Using this method, we found that a major ugh the emis-portion (>50%) of emitted PAH is formed in the combustion process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters.

Westerholm

Egebäck

1994

Environ Health Perspect

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This paper presents results from the characterization of vehicle exhaust that were obtained primarily within the Swedish Urban Air Project, "Tatortsprojektet." Exhaust emissions from both gasoline-and diesel-fueled vehicles have been investigated with respect to regulated pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbon [HC], nitrogen oxides [NO ], and particulate), unregulated pollutants, and in bioassay tests (Ames test, TCDD receptor affinity tests). Unregulated pollutants present in both the particle-and the semi-volatile phases were characterized. Special interest was focused on the impact of fuel composition on heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions. It was confirmed that there exists a quantifiable relationship between diesel-fuel variables of the fuel blends, the chemical composition of the emissions, and their biological effects. According to the results from the multivariate analysis, the most important fuel parameters are: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content, 90% distillation point, final boiling point, specific heat, aromatic content, density, and sulfur content. -Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 4): 13-23 (1994).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters.

Westerholm

Egebäck

1994

Environ Health Perspect

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“…According to Elghawi et al (2010), two mechanisms of PAH formation in the gasoline engines are possible i.e., survival and pyrosynthesis. Westerholm et al (1988) found that approximately 95% of the PAH content in the gasoline fuel was decomposed and over 50% of the PAH emitted were formed during the combustion process. The studied factors that influence PAH emissions in the gasoline automobile engines include the, driving mode (cold or hot start-up) fuel, fuel-air equivalence ratio, engine load and speed, and compression ratio.…”

Section: Pah Emissions From Gasoline Automobile Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

136

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of semi-volatile organic carbons that are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources therefore are ubiquitous in nature. Their main sources are both fossil and biomass fuels as well as other feedstocks used in chemical and combustion processes. Mostly the combustion processes are PAH depletion processes rather than PAH generating processes. PAHs are emitted from both stationary and mobile sources at varying levels depending on the operation conditions such as fuels, feedstock, and control devices in use as well as process parameters for example combustion temperatures.After emission from sources, the fates of PAHs in the atmosphere include partitioning between gas and particulate phases, particle size distribution, long range transport, dry and wet deposition on to water bodies, soil, vegetation and other receptor surfaces as well as resuspension from receptor surfaces back to the atmosphere. These processes are controlled by their physiochemical properties. Additionally, it is through these processes that human beings are exposed to PAHs via inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact.Dry deposition is the major process through which PAHs from the atmosphere are made available to receptor surfaces including the human respiratory system. From studies with cumulative fractions of dry deposition and size distribution for particulate PAHs, it is evident that the coarse particles are majorly responsible for the highest fraction of deposition fluxes. This is especially true for the high molecular weight PAHs, since the low molecular weight PAHs are majorly in the gas phase, which have lower dry deposition velocities. On the other hand, the highest risk for human being comes in the form of fine particles, whose mean aerodynamic diameter is below 2.5 µm. This is because the particle bound content results and particle size distributions of PAHs indicate that the fine particles have the most PAH content owing to their large surface areas and high organic carbon content. For the wet deposition of PAHs, more research is recommended for measurement of scavenging ratios of individual PAHs, since there is a scarcity of studies focusing on this issue.PAH mutagenic activity and exposure risk of humans can be estimated using the deposition rates, toxicity levels based on benzo(a)pyrene, or biomarkers such as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Other parameters that have been used to evaluate the risks of various exposure groups include inhalation exposure levels (IEL), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and estimation of maximum consumption time (t max ). Highway toll workers, back carbon workers and food vendors in night markets are among susceptible groups identified using these biomarkers and exposure parameters.To reduce exposure to human beings, PAH emissions need to be controlled at the sources. Control and reduction of PAH emissions from various sources involves largely altering the fuel and feedstock characteristics, using air pollution control devices and/or adjustin...

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“…For diesel vehicles, Mphen/Phen ratios of 1.5 for gas-phase emissions (Westerholm et al, 1991) and 1.4-8 for particle-phase emissions (Lim et al, 1999;Takada et al, 1990;Westerholm et al, 1991;Zielinska et al, 2004b) have been reported, while for gasoline vehicles, ratios of 0.2-0.7 (Takada et al, 1990;Westerholm et al, 1988) and most recently a ratio of approximately 1.0 for five in-use "normal particulate matter emitters" (Zielinska et al, 2004b), have been reported. While there are significant variations in reported ratios, and operating parameters such as the engine load are known to affect the ratio (Jensen and Hites, 1983), in general ratios >1 have been reported from diesel emission sources.…”

Section: Pah Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Understanding sources, concentrations, and transformations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere is important because of their potent mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The measurement of particlebound PAHs by three different methods during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 presents a unique opportunity for characterization of these compounds and intercomparison of the methods. The three methods are (1) collection and analysis of bulk samples for time-integrated gas-and particle-phase speciation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; (2) aerosol photoionization for fast detection of PAHs on particles' surfaces; and (3) aerosol mass spectrometry for fast analysis of size and chemical composition. This research represents the first time aerosol mass spectrometry has been used to measure ambient PAH concentrations and the first time that fast, real-time methods have been used to quantify PAHs alongside traditional filter-based measurements in an extended field campaign. Speciated PAH measurements suggest that motor vehicles and garbage and wood burning are important sources in Mexico City. The diurnal concentration patterns captured by aerosol photoionization and aerosol mass spectrometry are generally consistent. Ambient concentrations of particlephase PAHs typically peak at ∼110 ng m −3 during the morning rush hour and rapidly decay due to changes in source activity patterns and dilution as the boundary layer rises, although surface-bound PAH concentrations decay faster. The more rapid decrease in surface versus bulk PAH concentraCorrespondence to: L. C. Marr (lmarr@vt.edu) tions during the late morning suggests that freshly emitted combustion-related particles are quickly coated by secondary aerosol material in Mexico City's atmosphere and may also be transformed by heterogeneous reactions.

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Effect of fuel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content on the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagenic substances from a gasoline-fueled automobile

Cited by 124 publications

References 6 publications

Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters.

Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters.

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City

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