Effect of gamma irradiation on some properties of reclaimed rubber/nitrile–butadiene rubber blend and its swelling in motor and brake oils

Hassan, Medhat M.; Aly, Raouf O.; El-Ghandour, A.A.; Abdelnaby, Heba A.

doi:10.1177/0095244312445523

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, crosslinks and chain scissions are associated with increased and decreased thermal stability, respectively (Ahmed et al, 2000, Hassan et al, 2013b, Wang et al, 2009b. temperatures was observed indicating no substantial degradation has taken place in these blends (Noriman et al, 2010).…”

Section: Tga Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

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Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

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Section: Tga Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, presence of embedded and fractured RTR particles could still be observed. Hence, at higher irradiation dose, the decrease observed in mechanical properties is due to decrease in the ductility of EVA matrix (Hassan et al, 2013b). …”

Section: Elongation At Breakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Hassan et al [85] used gamma irradiation to crosslink RTR/NBR blends using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as compatibilizer, to produce blends with suitable oil resistance. All blends showed improved mechanical, thermal and swelling properties with increasing NBR content and irradiation dose.…”

Section: Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future

Ramarad

Khalid

Ratnam

et al. 2015

Progress in Materials Science

428

253

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Please cite this article as: Ramarad, S., Khalid, M., Ratnam, C.T., Luqman Chuah, A., Rashmi, W., Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future, Progress in Materials Science (2015), doi: http://dx. AbstractThis review addresses the progress in waste tire recycling with a particular attention to incorporation of waste tire rubber (WTR) into polymeric matrices. Methods of waste tire downsizing, importance of WTR characterization and current practice of WTR modification has been emphasized. Detailed discussion on influence of WTR size, loading, modification, compatibilization and crosslinking on the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of rubber, thermoplastic and thermoplastic elastomer blends utilizing WTR has been reported.By far, thermoplastic elastomer blends; though still in its infancy; has shown the most promising properties balance which is capable of commercialization. Rubber/WTR blends 2 also show ease of processing and acceptable properties. Thermoplastic/WTR blends suffers in term of toughness and elongation at break. However, the waste thermoplastic/WTR is a viable solution to address polymeric waste problem. Review also highlights the lack of studies concentrating on dynamic mechanical, aging, thermal and swelling properties of WTR polymeric blends.

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“…As a result of this formed elastomers may contain crosslinks of different energies. Also it is particularly important to carry out and to choose the irradiation technology of samples in order to obtain optimum elastomer properties at lower doses of irradiation [25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Irradiation and Temperature to the Nature of Crosslinking in Isoprene Nitrile Elastomer

Mammadov¹,

Khankisiyeva²,

Mammadov³

et al. 2015

ujc

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The increase of irradiation temperature by gamma-rays of emulsion isoprene nitrile elastomer in the range of 298-423 K is accompanied by the significant increase of crosslinking rate and strength deterioration of unfilled cures at the same time. By the method of sol-gel analysis, the output dependences of the mesh chains (1/M c ), cross-linked molecules (1/Mƞ t ) and crosslinks (n c ) for isoprene nitrile elastomer are determined between 298 and 423 K. The influence of acrylonitrile content of elastomer group during the process of irradiation and temperature on density change of curing grid using Fourier spectroscopy is established. It also studied the molecular structure of isoprene nitrile elastomer and unsaturation at irradiation and temperature (423K, 500 kGy).

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Effect of gamma irradiation on some properties of reclaimed rubber/nitrile–butadiene rubber blend and its swelling in motor and brake oils

Cited by 34 publications

References 30 publications

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future

The Influence of Irradiation and Temperature to the Nature of Crosslinking in Isoprene Nitrile Elastomer

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