Effect of Garlic on Total Serum Cholesterol

Warshafsky, Stephen; Kamer, Russell S.; Sivak, Steven L.

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-7_part_1-199310010-00009

Cited by 329 publications

(156 citation statements)

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“…It has been reported that serum and egg yolk cholesterol concentrations decreased linearly with increasing levels of dietary garlic (Chowdhury et al, 2002). Clinical reports, including meta-analyses, have described the hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic in humans (Silagy and Neil, 1994;Warshafsky et al, 1993). Some studies, however, suggested that commercial garlic oil, garlic powder and commercially available garlic extract may not be hypocholesterolemic (Berthold et al, 1998;Isaacsohn et al, 1998;McCrindle et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adding Medicinal Herbs Including Garlic (Allium sativum) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to Diet of Laying Hens and Evaluating Productive Performance and Egg Quality Characteristics

Ghasemi¹

2010

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Problem statement:In trying to finding phytogenic antibiotic-substitutes this study was done and effects of adding graded levels of Medicinal Herbs (MH) including garlic (Allium sativum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to laying hens' diet on productive performance investigated. Approach: A total number of 108 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens after production peak were randomly divided in 18 cages (n = 6). Three iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets (ME = 2720 Kcal Kg ) including three levels (0, 1 and 2 g kg) of ground mixture of garlic and thyme (1:1) were fed to hens with 6 replicates per diet during 6 week trial period. Collected data of Feed Intake (FI), Egg Production (EP), Egg Mass (EM) and calculated Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) as well as egg traits were analyzed based on completely randomized design using GLM procedure of SAS. Results: Dietary treatment did not have significant effect on EP, EM and FCR in laying hens (p>0.05). Dietary inclusion of MH decreased FI in weeks 1-6 (p≤0.05). Including diet with 0.1% MP improved means of egg weight (g) comparing to the other two experimental diets. Adding 0.2% MH to diet increased egg yolk color as well as blood lymphocyte counts and decreased egg shell weight comparing to other dietary treatments (p≤0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary inclusion of garlic and thyme can have beneficial effects on performance of laying hens in terms of improving egg weight and yolk color.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several clinical reports, including meta-analyses, have revealed a cholesterol lowering effect of garlic in humans (Warshafsky et al, 1993). Allicin (the active compound produced by garlic) may reduce the levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (Alder and Holub, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adding Medicinal Herbs Including Garlic (Allium sativum) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to Diet of Laying Hens and Evaluating Productive Performance and Egg Quality Characteristics

Ghasemi¹

2010

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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“…This subgroup did, however, have a small but significant increase in HDL, arguing against this theory. Other mechanisms that have been proposed include reducing the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and increased bile acid excretion (5,13) . Nonetheless, this discrepancy shows that garlic supplementation may not be appropriate for patients committed to improving their diet, but may be helpful for those who are not compliant with low-cholesterol diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of garlic on lipid parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2009

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In order to determine the impact of garlic on total cholesterol (TC), TAG levels, as well as LDL and HDL, and establish if any variables have an impact on the magnitude of this effect, a metaanalysis was conducted. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database from the earliest possible date through to November 2007 was conducted to identify randomised, placebo-controlled trials of garlic that reported effects on TC, TAG concentrations, LDL or HDL. The weighted mean difference of the change from baseline (with 95 % CI) was calculated as the difference between the means in the garlic groups and the control groups using a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effects on type, brand and duration of garlic therapy as well as baseline TC and TAG levels, the use of dietary modification, and study quality on the meta-analysis's conclusions. Twenty-nine trials were included in the analysis. Upon meta-analysis garlic was found to significantly reduce TC (2 0·19; 95 % CI 2 0·33, 2 0·06 mmol/l) and TAG (20·11; 95 % CI 2 0·19, 20·06 mmol/l) but exhibited no significant effect on LDL or HDL. There was a moderate degree of statistical heterogeneity for the TC and TAG analyses. Garlic reduces TC to a modest extent, an effect driven mostly by the modest reductions in TAG, without appreciable LDL lowering or HDL elevation. Higher baseline line TC levels and the use of dietary modification may alter the effect of garlic on these parameters. Future studies should be conducted evaluating the impact of adjunctive garlic therapy with fibrates or statins on TAG concentrations.

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“…Data from animal studies (Chi et al , 1982 ;Quereshi et al , 1983 ), clinical trials (Adler and Holub , 1997 ;Bordia et al , 1998 ) , meta-analyses (Warshafsky et al , 1993 ;Silagy and Neil , 1994 ;Stevinson et al , 2000 ) and cell culture studies (Gebhardt , 1993 ;Cho and Xu , 2000 ;Liu and Yeh , 2000 ) show that garlic extract signifi cantly lowers the cholesterol level in plasma. Garlic compounds inhibiting squalene monooxygenase activity can be divided into three groups: selenium compounds (Ip et al , 1992(Ip et al , , 2000McSheehy et al , 2000 ), tellurium compounds (Schroeder et al , 1967 ) and allyl compounds (Gupta and Porter , 2001 ) (Table 8 ).…”

Section: Anticholesterolemic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Squalene monooxygenase – a target for hypercholesterolemic therapy

Belter¹,

Skupińska²,

Giel-Pietraszuk

et al. 2011

BCHM

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Squalene monooxygenase catalyzes the epoxidation of C-C double bond of squalene to yield 2,3-oxidosqualene, the key step of sterol biosynthesis pathways in eukaryotes. Sterols are essential compounds of these organisms and squalene epoxidation is an important regulatory point in their synthesis. Squalene monooxygenase downregulation in vertebrates and fungi decreases synthesis of cholesterol and ergosterol, respectively, which makes squalene monooxygenase a potent and attractive target of hypercholesterolemia and antifungal therapies. Currently some fungal squalene monooxygenase inhibitors (terbinafi ne, naftifi ne, butenafi ne) are in clinical use, whereas mammalian enzymes ' inhibitors are still under investigation. Research on new squalene monooxygenase inhibitors is important due to the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and the lack of both suffi cient and safe remedies. In this paper we (i) review data on activity and the structure of squalene monooxygenase, (ii) present its inhibitors, (iii) compare current strategies of lowering cholesterol level in blood with some of the most promising strategies, (iv) underline advantages of squalene monooxygenase as a target for hypercholesterolemia therapy, and (v) discuss safety concerns about hypercholesterolemia therapy based on inhibition of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis and potential usage of squalene monooxygenase inhibitors in clinical practice. After many years of use of statins there is some clinical evidence for their adverse effects and only partial effectiveness. Currently they are drugs of choice but are used with many restrictions, especially in case of children, elderly patients and women of childbearing potential. Certainly, for the next few years, statins will continue to be a suitable tool for cost-effective cardiovascular prevention; however research on new hypolipidemic drugs is highly desirable. We suggest that squalene monooxygenase inhibitors could become the hypocholesterolemic agents of the future.

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Effect of Garlic on Total Serum Cholesterol

Cited by 329 publications

References 0 publications

Adding Medicinal Herbs Including Garlic (<em>Allium sativum</em>) and Thyme (<em>Thymus vulgaris</em>) to Diet of Laying Hens and Evaluating Productive Performance and Egg Quality Characteristics

Adding Medicinal Herbs Including Garlic (<em>Allium sativum</em>) and Thyme (<em>Thymus vulgaris</em>) to Diet of Laying Hens and Evaluating Productive Performance and Egg Quality Characteristics

The impact of garlic on lipid parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Squalene monooxygenase – a target for hypercholesterolemic therapy

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