Effect of Gas and Kerosene Space Heaters on Indoor Air Quality: A Study in Homes of Santiago, Chile

Ruíz, Pablo; Toro, C.; Cáceres, J. O.; López, G. Pereiro; Oyola, Pedro; Koutrakis, Petros

doi:10.3155/1047-3289.60.1.98

Cited by 44 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The indoor EC average was lower than in a roadside flat in Singapore but higher than other studies in Hong Kong, Oslo and Los Angeles, showing that outdoor penetration was substantial. This is in accordance with previous studies that indoor air quality was influenced by outdoor concentrations Ruiz et al, 2010). Outdoor OC and EC averages were similar to those in Hong Kong but higher than those observed in Oslo and Los Angeles.…”

Section: Oc and Ec Concentrations In Indoor Environmentssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…PM 2.5 ), due to their small size, can penetrate deeply into the human respiratory system and have a strong association with most types of respiratory illness and even mortality (Pope et al, 2002). To date, numerous studies were conducted to monitor residential indoor PM levels, to analyse its chemical composition, and to study its environmental and health impacts (Kamens et al, 1991;Chao et al, 1998;See and Balasubramanian, 2008;Ruiz et al, 2010). Carbonaceous fractions, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of Residential Indoor Carbonaceous Aerosols: A Case Study in Guangzhou, Pearl River Delta Region

Lai

Zhang

et al. 2010

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Nine residences located in Guangzhou were selected to characterise indoor fine particles (PM 2.5 ), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) during summer time. These nine residences were classified into 5 types, urban without smoker, urban with smoker, newly remodelled urban, roadside and suburban. The average indoor PM 2.5 concentration was 47.4 µg/m 3 , consisting of 12.5 µg/m 3 of OC and 4.4 µg/m 3 of EC. OC and EC accounted for 24.6 % and 9.9 %, respectively, of the indoor PM 2.5 mass. Higher PM 2.5 , OC and EC concentrations were observed in the urban residences with smokers and the roadside residence, suggesting the importance of indoor sources and outdoor penetration. The highest PM 2.5 and OC concentrations were observed in one of the urban residences with a smoker due to the contribution of indoor sources and the poor condition of ventilation in the kitchen. The highest EC was observed in the roadside residence, indicating the penetration of outdoor traffic emissions. Urban residences without smokers and recently remodelled residences had similar PM 2.5 , OC and EC concentrations. The suburban residence had the lowest PM 2.5 and OC concentrations, while the EC concentration was lower than roadside residence but similar to other urban residences. Eight carbonaceous fractions by thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method, namely OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2 and EC3, were also studied. OC2, OC3 and EC1 were the most abundant fractions. EC1 was found to be the carbonaceous fraction which was mainly from outdoor vehicular emissions. OC2 and OC3 were likely to be contributed by smoking and cooking emissions in indoor microenvironments.

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Section: Oc and Ec Concentrations In Indoor Environmentssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Residential Indoor Carbonaceous Aerosols: A Case Study in Guangzhou, Pearl River Delta Region

Lai

Zhang

et al. 2010

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Furthermore, outdoor concentration was close to concentrations reported in previous studies in Santiago (Pino et al, 2004; Koutrakis et al, 2005; Ruiz et al, 2010) and higher than the Chilean daily PM 2.5 standard (50 μg/m 3 ), particularly in slums whose families could be a focus group for the instruments that encourage the adoption of cleaner energy use in vulnerable environments (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2011). …”

Section: 4 Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In one study, Ruiz et al (2010) assessed indoor pollutants in apartments in two areas of Santiago (Ruiz et al, 2010) and determined that average PM 2.5 concentration was between 42.1 and 86.3 μg/m 3 . Apartments with only an electric system had lower PM 2.5 concentrations (42.1 μg/m 3 ), being higher in apartments with gas natural heaters (49.5 μg/m 3 ) and with kerosene users (86.3 μg/m 3 ).…”

Section: 4 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes to indoor air quality as a result of relocating families from slums to public housing

Burgos

Ruíz

Koifman

2013

Atmospheric Environment

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Artículo de publicación ISIOne largely unstudied benefit of relocating families from slums to public housing is the potential improvement in indoor air quality (IAQ).We compared families that moved from slums to public housing with those that remained living in slums in Santiago, Chile in terms of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as main indicator of change. A cross-sectional study of 98 relocated families and 71 still living in slums was carried out, obtaining indoor and outdoor samples by a Personal Environmental Monitor. Home characteristics, including indoor air pollution sources were collected through questionnaires. Multivariate regression models included the intervention (public housing or slum), indoor pollution sources, outdoor PM2.5 and family characteristics as predictors. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were higher in slums (77.8 mg m 3 [SD ¼ 35.7 mg m 3]) than in public housing (55.7 mg m 3 [SD ¼ 34.6 mg m 3], p < 0.001). Differences between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were significant only in the slum houses. The multivariate analysis showed that housing intervention significantly decreased indoor PM2.5 (10.4 mg m 3) after adjusting by the other predictors. Outdoor PM2.5 was the main predictor of indoor PM2.5. Other significant factors were water heating fuels and indoor smoking. Having infants 1e23 months was associated with a lowering of indoor PM2.5. Our results suggest that a public housing program that moves families from slums to public housing improves indoor air quality directly and also indirectly through air pollution sources

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“…As it is seen from the figure, during certain time of the day, NO 2 is in "Unhealthy for sensitive groups." This is due to the release of NO 2 during combustion of fuel to operate the subway (Ruiz et al, 2010;Ryan et al, 2008). The effects of fuel combustion and the indoor air used for heating must be taken into consideration as well (John et al, 2004).…”

Section: Analysis Of Hourly Iaq Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

A real-time monitoring and assessment method for calculation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted in subway stations

Kim

Lim

et al. 2012

j air waste manag assoc

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Subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, in this study, a new cumulative calculation method for the estimation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside the subway station is proposed by taking cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept. Minimum concentration of individual air pollutants which naturally exist in indoor space is referred as base concentration of air pollutants and can be found from the data collected. After subtracting the value of base concentration from data point of each data set of indoor air pollutant, the primary quantity of emitted air pollutant is calculated. After integration is carried out with these values, adding the base concentration to the integration quantity gives the total amount of indoor air pollutant emitted. Moreover, the values of new index for cumulative indoor air quality obtained for 1 day are calculated using the values of cumulative air quality index (CAI). Cumulative comprehensive indoor air quality index (CCIAI) is also proposed to compare the values of cumulative concentrations of indoor air pollutants. From the results, it is clear that the cumulative assessment approach of indoor air quality (IAQ) is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, in case of exposure to indoor air pollutants for a long time. Also, the values of CCIAI are influenced more by the values of concentration of NO 2 , which is released due to the use of air conditioners and combustion of the fuel. The results obtained in this study confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well.Implications: Nowadays, subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in the indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for monitoring and assessing total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside underground spaces and subway stations. A new methodology for the calculation of cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept is proposed. The results suggest that the cumulative assessment approach of IAQ is useful for monitoring the values...

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Effect of Gas and Kerosene Space Heaters on Indoor Air Quality: A Study in Homes of Santiago, Chile

Cited by 44 publications

References 59 publications

Characteristics of Residential Indoor Carbonaceous Aerosols: A Case Study in Guangzhou, Pearl River Delta Region

Characteristics of Residential Indoor Carbonaceous Aerosols: A Case Study in Guangzhou, Pearl River Delta Region

Changes to indoor air quality as a result of relocating families from slums to public housing

A real-time monitoring and assessment method for calculation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted in subway stations

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