Effect of gas rate and position of powder injection on RH refining process using numerical simulation

A CFD Study on Refractory Wear in RH Degassing Process

“…With the continuous increasing of the computation resource and numerical technique, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, which is able to afford a comprehensive data, becomes a potent tool to investigate the performance of the lining refractory in the RH degasser. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Furthermore, the simulated results could be verified through the application of the water model experiment.…”

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Argon–Steel (–Slag) Multiphase Flow in an Ruhrstahl–Heraeus Degasser: A Review of Past Numerical Studies

“…To simulate the gas-liquid two-phase flow in an RH degasser, the Eulerian model was first employed by Wei et al [56] in 2005, and subsequently adopted by numerous authors. [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] It is generally acknowledged that the Eulerian model is particularly suitable for the simulation of dispersed flow in the up-snorkel, which is characterized by many gas bubbles. However, this model is not suitable for the simulation of stratified/free-surface flows owing to the numerical diffusion at the interface.…”

“…For the CFD models validated by the physical modeling experiments, the local velocity (Figure 2a), circulation rate (Figure 2b), and mixing time (Figure 2c) of liquid water were typically measured. The early studies of Kishan et al, [13,69] Qi et al, [59] Feng et al, [71] Neves et al, [81] and Han et al [70] showed a large deviation between the predicted and measured results. With reasonable selection of the interfacial forces and their coefficients, the liquid velocity, circulation rate, and mixing time at different gas flow rates can be predicted well in recent studies.…”

“…Rimbert et al [14] DPM -/• -/0.002 Unknown • • --Geng et al [61] Eulerian model -/• Sano et al Sphere • ---Ling et al [38] VOF-DPM •/-Davidson et al Sphere ----Zhu et al [62] Eulerian model [63] Eulerian model [64,68] Eulerian model [65] Eulerian model [71] Eulerian model [39] VOF-DPM [40] VOF-DPM [48] VOF-DPM -/• Sano et al Sphere • • --Ling et al [41] VOF-DPM [44] VOF-DPM •/-Davidson et al Sphere ----Zhu et al [67] Eulerian model [72] Eulerian model [42] VOF-DPM [46] VOF-DPM [66] Eulerian model -/• Sano et al Sphere • ---Chen et al [49] VOF-DPM -/• Sano et al Sphere • • --He et al [47] VOF-DPM [75] Eulerian multifluid VOF -/• Sano et al Sphere • ---Wang et al [50] VOF-DPM •/-0.002/-Nonsphere -• • • Chen et al [18] ASM model [19] ASM model [76] Particle-free surface model [51] VOF-DPM [52] VOF-DPM [45] VOF-DPM -/• Davidson et al Sphere • ---Chen et al [80] CFD-PBM [15] DPM -/• the neglect of bubble expansion. Thus, Kishan et al [13,69] proposed that bubble expansion due to thermal and pressure effects must be considered to simulate an industrial RH degasser, which was also advised by Neves et al [81] and Nascimento et al [94] As summarized in Table 2, many studies considered the bubble expansion in the simulation of an industrial RH degasser, which could be mainly categorized into five kinds of models.…”

Modeling Fluid Flow and Carbon Removal in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus Reactor: Considering the Pumping Process

“…With the increasing demand for ultralow-carbon steel with excellent deep-drawing properties, the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) vacuum reactor has become the most important equipment for removing dissolved C from molten steel . As shown in Figure , the RH decarburization process starts by lowering the vacuum chamber until the snorkels penetrate the molten slag and are immersed in the molten steel.…”