Effect of Gaze on Personal Space: A Japanese–German Cross-Cultural Study

Sicorello, Maurizio; Stevanov, Jasmina; Ashida, Hiroshi; Hecht, Heiko

doi:10.1177/0022022118798513

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In comparison with other cultures, the IPS of Chinese people in the front (73.9 cm) was closer than those of the Japanese (134.6 cm) and German subjects (110.5 cm) measured in Sicorello et al (2019). The comfort distances of Caucasian subjects (100.5 cm) reported by Hecht et al (2019) were also larger than those found in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…Early cross-cultural research on spatial behaviors reported that contact and non-contact cultures showed significant differences in IPS, and contact cultures preferred a closer distance (Hall, 1966;Baldassare and Feller, 1975). Sicorello et al (2019) indicated that Japanese participants preferred overall larger IPS than German participants. Beaulieu (2004) evaluated the IPS of Anglo Saxons, Asians, Caucasians, Mediterraneans, and Latinos and found that Asians displayed the second largest comfort distance of all.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Investigation Into Interpersonal and Peripersonal Spaces of Chinese People for Different Directions and Genders

Xiong

Lee

2020

Front. Psychol.

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This study explores the interpersonal space (IPS) and peripersonal space (PPS) of Chinese people and evaluates the relationship between the two spaces for different directions and genders. Seventy-one participants were recruited for this study. Participants were required to determine their IPS in eight directions (0 • , 45 • , 90 • , 135 • , 180 • , 225 • , 270 • , 315 •) when approached by male or female confederates in the comfort distance task. Each participant was also asked to judge their PPS in five directions (0 • , 45 • , 90 • , 270 • , 315 •) following the same procedure. Results showed that their IPS was significantly influenced by direction (p < 0.05), with the largest distance in the front (0 •) and the closest distance in the rear (135 • , 180 • , 225 •), indicating noncircular IPS among Chinese subjects. Moreover, the PPS on the right side (90 •) was larger than in other directions (0 • , 45 • , 270 • , 315 •). Participants maintained larger IPS than PPS in the front, but the IPS was closer than PPS on the right and left sides. When facing a female confederate, larger IPS was preferred than PPS, whereas the opposite held true when facing a male confederate. Comparison of participants' arm length and PPS showed that the reachability distance was overestimated in the front but underestimated laterally. The findings of this study can be applied to environmental design, space utilization, and social interaction.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation Into Interpersonal and Peripersonal Spaces of Chinese People for Different Directions and Genders

Xiong

Lee

2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…To control for potential effects of nationality and culture [29,30] we verified that all subjects had a German cultural background as indicated by their German citizenship. We chose to sample andro-and gynophilic male subjects for two reasons: First, reactions towards visual sexual stimuli are more attenuated in male as compared to female subjects [31], thus males should produce larger effects.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future studies should replicate our findings in a female sample and include non-western subjects. This is particularly important considering the variation between nationalities [29,30] which could potentially slightly enhance or diminish the sex effect on IPD. Second, we have not controlled for sexual identity [17].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual attraction modulates interpersonal distance and approach-avoidance movements towards virtual agents in males

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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How does sexual attraction alter social interaction behavior? We examined the influence of sexual orientation on locomotor approach-avoidance behavior and interpersonal distance. We immersed androphilic and gynophilic male subjects into a virtual environment and presented various male and female virtual persons. In the first experiment, subjects took a step forward (approach) or backward (avoidance) in response to the sex of the virtual person. We measured reaction time, peak velocity, and step size, and obtained ratings of sexual attractiveness in every trial. In the second experiment, subjects had to approach the virtual person as if they were to engage in a social interaction. Here, we analyzed interpersonal distance and peak velocity of the approaches. Our results suggest that sexual attraction facilitates the approach response and reduces the preferred interpersonal distance. We discuss our findings in terms of proxemics, current findings in sex research, and the applicability of our novel task in other fields of psychological research.

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“…In the face of external hazards, such as the risk of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, people rapidly adapt to a new social norm for IPD 33 – 35 . Although stable social norms have been described since the beginning of proxemic research—e.g., Japanese who, on average, prefer a larger IPD than Germans 12 , 28 , 34 —a dynamic process of adaptation 8 has not been observed empirically so far.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Physical distancing and the perception of interpersonal distance in the COVID-19 crisis

Welsch

Wessels

Bernhard

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been mandated to keep enlarged distances from others. We interviewed 136 German subjects over five weeks from the end of March to the end of April 2020 during the first wave of infections about their preferred interpersonal distance (IPD) before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, subjects adapted to distance requirements and preferred a larger IPD. This enlarged IPD was judged to partially persist after the pandemic crisis. People anticipated keeping more IPD to others even if there was no longer any risk of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also sampled two follow-up measurements, one in August, after the first wave of infections had been flattened, and one in October 2020, at the beginning of the second wave. Here, we observed that IPD varied with the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 within Germany. Overall, our data indicated that adaptation to distance requirements might happen asymmetrically. Preferred IPD rapidly adapted in response to distance requirements, but an enlargement of IPD may partially linger after the COVID-19 pandemic-crisis. We discuss our findings in light of proxemic theory and as an indicator for socio-cultural adaptation beyond the course of the pandemic.

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Effect of Gaze on Personal Space: A Japanese–German Cross-Cultural Study

Cited by 24 publications

References 47 publications

An Investigation Into Interpersonal and Peripersonal Spaces of Chinese People for Different Directions and Genders

An Investigation Into Interpersonal and Peripersonal Spaces of Chinese People for Different Directions and Genders

Sexual attraction modulates interpersonal distance and approach-avoidance movements towards virtual agents in males

Physical distancing and the perception of interpersonal distance in the COVID-19 crisis

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