Effect of gibberellin A4+7 on stem- and calyx-end russeting in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples

Steenkamp, J.; Westraad, Ina

doi:10.1016/0304-4238(88)90114-8

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Inconsistency of response to plant growth regulators, and particularly to GA 4+7 , can be frustrating for growers and field staff. Previous work has shown the first or first two applications of GA 4+7 are often quite effective for reducing russet (Elfving and Allen, 1987), whereas applying more than four applications has no benefit (Meador and Taylor, 1987; Steenkamp and Westraad, 1988). Consider, for example, if instructions are to apply material beginning at FPF and every 7-10 d thereafter, the time to apply four treatments ranges from FPF + 21 d to FPF +30 d. Indeed, given this flexibility, by FPF + 14 d, one might have applied one or two additional applications and by FPF + 21 d, two or three additional applications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in Epidermal Planar Cell Density Accompanies Decreased Russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Treated with Gibberellin A4+7

Curry¹

2012

horts

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A 2-year study was conducted in a ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) orchard with a high incidence of physiological fruit russeting to examine the effect of gibberellin A4+7 (GA4+7) on apple epidermal cell size. Beginning at petal fall, four sequential applications of GA4+7 (0, 15, or 30 mg·L−1) were applied to whole trees every 7–10 days with an orchard air-blast sprayer at a volume of ≈1000 L·ha−1. Fruit epidermal tissue samples were taken approximately monthly beginning 1 week after the fourth application. Tissue was treated in the laboratory with an enzyme mixture to remove cellular debris in preparation for examination using either light or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In 2007, because russeting was insignificant, treatment differences could not be established. Moreover, transillumination microscopy did not permit accurate measurement of ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit epidermal planar cell area beyond midseason because the isolated cuticle became thick and multilayered. In 2008, however, respective treatments of 15 and 30 mg·L−1 reduced calyx end russeting by 40% and 83% and increased epidermal planar cell density by 14% and 27% as measured using SEM.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in Epidermal Planar Cell Density Accompanies Decreased Russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Treated with Gibberellin A4+7

Curry¹

2012

horts

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“…Russeting may be induced by a range of factors, including agrochemicals (Creasy and Swartz, 1981;Sanchez et al, 1992), environmental conditions such as freezing temperatures, extended periods of high humidity and surface wetness (Creasy, 1980;Faust and Shear, 1972b;Simons and Chu, 1978;Tukey, 1969), or microorganisms (Daines et al, 1984;Gildemacher et al, 2004;Heidenreich et al, 1997). Under orchard conditions, russeting is avoided and peel appearance improved in sensitive cultivars by applying gibberellins such as gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) or GA 4+7 (Elfving and Allen, 1987;Meador and Taylor, 1987;Steenkamp and Westraad, 1988;Taylor, 1975;Wertheim, 1982). A typical application scheme comprises four treatments with GA 4+7 at 10 mgÁL -1 applied in 10-d intervals starting at the onset of petal fall (Greene, 1993;Looney et al, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Russeting and Microcracking of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruit Concomitantly Decline Due to Gibberellin A4+7 Application

Knoche¹,

Khanal²,

Stopar³

2011

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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The effect of four applications of gibberellin A4+7 [GA4+7 (10 mg·L−1 at 10-day intervals beginning with petal fall)] on water-induced russeting, formation of microcracks. and on fruit growth and deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM) was studied in developing ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). Submerging developing apple fruit in deionized water for 48 h induced russeting in untreated control but not in GA4+7-treated fruit. Immersing in water during early fruit development, 19 days after full bloom (19 DAFB), resulted in more russeting than immersions occurring later (139 DAFB). Water on the outer surface of epidermal segments increased the frequency of microscopic cracks in untreated controls but to a lesser degree in GA4+7-treated fruit. The effect of GA4+7 on water-induced russeting and formation of microcracks was larger during early as compared with later stages of fruit development. Fruit treated with GA4+7 consistently had fewer microcracks as compared with non-treated control fruit. GA4+7 had no effect on amounts or rates of cutin or wax deposition, strain, or mechanical properties of the CM as compared with the non-treated control. Thus, the decrease in russeting and formation of microcracks in the cuticle of GA4+7-treated fruit must be accounted for effects on underlying epi- and hypodermal tissues.

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“…Second, cutin monomers capable of cross linking the cutin polymer (Kolattukudy 1981) are responsible for mechanical properties of the CM. It is interesting to note that GA 4+7 and GA 3 reduced russeting of 'Golden Delicious' apple (Steenkamp and Westraad 1988;Greene 1993;Reuveni et al 2001). Russeting results from periderm formation in response to microcracks in the CM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Indirect evidence suggests that gibberellins improve peel quality in a number of horticultural crops including apple (Steenkamp and Westraad 1988), grapefruit (Goren et al 1976), and tomato (Batal et al 1972). The mechanistic basis for these effects has not been established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gibberellins Increase Cuticle Deposition in Developing Tomato Fruit

Knoche

Peschel

2006

Plant Growth Regul

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Effect of gibberellin A4+7 on stem- and calyx-end russeting in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Increase in Epidermal Planar Cell Density Accompanies Decreased Russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Treated with Gibberellin A4+7

Increase in Epidermal Planar Cell Density Accompanies Decreased Russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Treated with Gibberellin A4+7

Russeting and Microcracking of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruit Concomitantly Decline Due to Gibberellin A4+7 Application

Gibberellins Increase Cuticle Deposition in Developing Tomato Fruit

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