Effect of girls’ secondary school stipend on completed schooling, age at marriage, and age at first birth: Evidence from Bangladesh

Abstract

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Muito jovem ou pobre para casar? Efeito do Programa Bolsa Família sobre o casamento infantil feminino

“…Em linha com os estudos para outros países que apontam que os programas sociais fazem parte de uma agenda de políticas públicas eficiente para combater o casamento infantil (Alam et al, 2011;Duflo et al, 2015;Sayeed, 2016;Buchmann et al, 2018, entre outros), os resultados do presente estudo encontram evidências de que o mesmo é verdade no caso brasileiro. Através dos dados da PNADC, pareamento pelo PSM, e estimação do ATT, a principal evidência obtida diz respeito ao PBF reduzir as chances de que as meninas pobres casem precocemente.…”

“…Além disso, o efeito ocorre de modo mais intenso dentre aquelas classificadas como pobres, em consonância com a hipótese teórica. Traçando um comparativo com intervenções de outros países que foram bem-sucedidas em reduzir uniões precoces (Alam et al, 2011;Sayeed, 2016;Buchmann et al, 2018), é possível concluir que a combinação entre a transferência de renda e suas condicionalidades, presente no caso do PBF, pode funcionar como um mecanismo eficiente para atenuar o problema. Em suma, nossos resultados indicam que pode haver margem para tornar o PBF mais efetivo se houver uma contrapartida na situação civil das crianças e adolescentes, mas tal movimento exige estudos e testes ainda não efetuados para o contexto brasileiro.…”

Handbook on Social Protection Systems

“…Many programmes (especially cash transfers and subsidies) have targeted women and girls to enhance their access to education and healthcare, based on evidence of the barriers they face in accessing school and reproductive health services. For example, Bangladesh's Female Secondary Stipend Programme, introduced in 1994 to improve girls' access to education, included direct payment of secondary fees for enrolled girls contingent on attendance and exam scores, as well as biannual deposits into savings accounts for girls (Sayed 2016;Hahn et al 2018). India's national conditional cash transfer programme, Janani Suraksha Yojana, used cash to incentivize women to give birth in public health facilities as a means of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality (Samuels and Jones 2011).…”

Progress towards the Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality (EPMM) target for Bangladesh: The role of female education

“…Reviews of FSSP indicated that aggregate female student secondary enrolment increased by 111% during 1994-1999 [28]; years of education for eligible girls increased by an average of 14%-25% [25]; and delayed age at first marriage and age at first birth by at least 0.4 and 0.3 years respectively [31]. The reviews also implied that stipend programs have a significant positive impact on the girls' productivity as well as wage earnings [31], and can increase female empowerment through positive marriage market outcomes in the long-term [25]. Due to sustained investment in the education sector and continuation of education transfer programs like FSSP, Bangladesh increased access to primary and secondary education and has succeeded in providing equal access to girls at primary and secondary level [32].…”

“…The amount of the monthly stipend varied between US$ 12 for grade 6 and US$ 36.25 for grade 10, and the conditions for receiving the stipend were to attend recognized institutions, remain unmarried, maintain at least 75% attendance, and secure at least 45% marks in the annual examinations [25, 28]. Reviews of FSSP indicated that aggregate female student secondary enrolment increased by 111% during 1994–1999 [28]; years of education for eligible girls increased by an average of 14%–25% [25]; and delayed age at first marriage and age at first birth by at least 0.4 and 0.3 years respectively [31]. The reviews also implied that stipend programs have a significant positive impact on the girls’ productivity as well as wage earnings [31], and can increase female empowerment through positive marriage market outcomes in the long-term [25].…”