Effect of growth and training on muscle adaptation in Thoroughbred horses

Yamano, Seiko; Eto, Daisuke; Sugiura, T.; Kai, Makoto; Hiraga, Atsushi; Tokuriki, Mikihiko; Miyata, Hirofumi

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1408

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The percentage of type II fibers in the middle gluteal muscle in Thoroughbred horses is reported to exceed 80% [8,9,37,38,40,42,43]. A high ratio of type II fibers in Thoroughbred horses is consistent with the hypothesis that the V • O 2 slow component during high-intensity exercise is related to the energetics of contraction of type II fibers [29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Heart Rates and Blood Lactate Response in Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Mukai

Takahashi

Eto

et al. 2007

JES

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We measured the heart rate before, during and after a 1200-m race, and blood lactate concentration at 10 min after a race in 23 Thoroughbred horses. The heart rate increased when horses were walking through the underground passage and after the jockeys mounted them in the paddock, even though there was no increase in exercise intensity. During the canter from the exit of the underground passage to the starting stalls, the heart rate increased to a peak value of 194.0 ± 2.0 (mean ± SE) beat/min, which was equivalent to 91.1 ± 0.8% of the maximal racing heart rate. In the starting stalls immediately before the start of the race, the heart rate was 171.4 ± 5.3 beat/min. The peak value of the heart rate (HR peak ) during the race was 213.6 ± 1.7 beat/min, and the time taken to reach 95% of HR peak was 12.4 ± 1.8 sec. The blood lactate concentration after the race was 22.5 ± 0.6 mmol/l. The mean speed of the horses was 15.9 ± 0.0 m/s, which was similar to those of 3-year-olds in maiden races. These data could be useful for planning training strategies for Thoroughbred horses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Heart Rates and Blood Lactate Response in Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Mukai

Takahashi

Eto

et al. 2007

JES

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“…The type of exercise performed, either due to selection in breeding or as a result of training, can affect muscle fibre type [10,[14][15][16][17][18]. The Arabian horse has been bred for long distance endurance-type exercise competing over distances of 40 -400 km, while the Quarter horse was bred to run a quarter of a mile (400 m) at high speed [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Fibre Type Distribution of the Thoracolumbar and Hindlimb Regions of Horses: Relating Fibre Type and Functional Role

Hyytiäinen

Mykkänen

Hielm‐Björkman

et al. 2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background: Although the majority of equine muscles have a mixed fibre type distribution indicative of diverse functional roles, the predominance of a fibre type can indicate the primary function of a muscle. The deep epaxial musculature has an important role in core spinal stability in humans, reflected as a predominantly muscle fibre type (MFT) I or postural fibre type. The fibre type of the deep epaxial musculature has not been determined in horses. The objective of the study was to determine the MFT distribution in selected muscles of thoracolumbar and hindlimb region of horses. This included deep epaxial and hypaxial muscles that were hypothesised to have a postural stabilising role. A second objective was to examine differences in MFT distribution between horses bred for endurance (Arabian) and sprinting (Quarter horse). Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from selected thoracolumbar and hind limb muscles of 5 Quarter horses, 4 Arabians, and 2 Thoroughbreds. The myosin heavy chain distribution was determined by gel electrophoresis. Mann-Whitney rank test was used to compare the proportional MFT and differences between breeds. Results: Mm. sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis and diaphragm had the highest proportion of MFT-I. The remaining deep epaxial muscles and the hypaxial muscle m. psoas minor had approximately equal MFT I and II proportions. Mm. psoas major, iliocostalis, longissimus dorsi and the hind limb muscles contained mostly MFT-IIX. The fibre type distribution was similar between Arabians and Quarter horses, although Quarter horses had more MFT-IIX fibres in psoas major (P = 0.02) while Arabians had more MFT-I fibres in m. longissimus dorsi (P = 0.03).

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“…Based on previous studies [20, 26, 29], the two transverse sections were reacted for immunohistochemical analysis with anti-mouse IgG. The sections were allowed to warm to room temperature and then pre-incubated in normal goat serum in phosphate buffer at 25°C for 10 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In horses, some training adaptations are reported: for example, muscle hypertrophy [20], improvement of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes in muscle [29], muscle fiber type transformation toward oxidative muscle fiber [22], and improvement in antioxidant capacity [2]. In particular, muscle fiber type transformation may induce an increase in mitochondrial content and enhance the generation of free radicals after exercise.…”

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confidence: 99%

Free Radical Formation after Intensive Exercise in Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscles

Minami

Kawai

Migita

et al. 2011

JES

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Although high oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle may result in severe oxidative stress, there are no direct studies that have documented free radical production in horse muscles after intensive exercise. To find a new parameter indicating the muscle adaptation state for the training of Thoroughbred horses, we examined free radical formation in the muscle by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Ten male Thoroughbred horses received conventional training for 18 weeks. Before and after the training period, all horses performed an exhaustive incremental load exercise on a 6% incline treadmill. Muscle samples of the middle gluteal muscle were taken pre-exercise and 1 min, 1 hr, and 1 day after exercise. Muscle fiber type composition was also determined in the pre-exercise samples by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody to myosin heavy chain. We measured the free radical in the muscle homogenate using EPR at room temperature, and the amount was expressed as relative EPR signal intensity. There was a significant increase in Type IIA muscle fiber composition and a decrease in Type IIX fiber composition after the training period. Before the training period, the mean value of the relative EPR signal intensity showed a significant increase over the pre-exercise value at 1 min after the exercise and an incomplete recovery at 24 hr after the exercise. While no significant changes were found in the relative EPR signal intensity after the training period. There was a significant relationship between percentages of Type IIA fiber and change rates in EPR signal intensity at 1 min after exercise. The measurement of free radicals may be useful for determining the muscle adaptation state in the training of Thoroughbred horses.

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Effect of growth and training on muscle adaptation in Thoroughbred horses

Cited by 38 publications

References 22 publications

Heart Rates and Blood Lactate Response in Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Heart Rates and Blood Lactate Response in Thoroughbred Horses during a Race

Muscle Fibre Type Distribution of the Thoracolumbar and Hindlimb Regions of Horses: Relating Fibre Type and Functional Role

Free Radical Formation after Intensive Exercise in Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscles

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