“…Fluorescence-conjugated nanomaterials developed as multifunctional platforms are powerful in cancer diagnosis and therapy, which attracts significant attention nowadays. − These nanoparticles (NPs) could be divided into several types: fluorescent dye-doped NPs, , semiconductor quantum dots, , metal nanoclusters, , rare-earth NPs, , and fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials. , Generally, NPs are synthesized from a host system and doping material to exploit the advantages of both elements . Among nanomaterial hosts, hydroxyapatite (HAp), which possesses a unique hexagonal structure and actively replaceable Ca 2+ units, has been investigated in several studies. , Accordingly, numerous studies have revealed that several free ions, such as monovalent Na + ; divalent Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Mg 2+ ; − trivalent Au 3+ and Ag 3+ ; , tetravalent Ti 4+ and Zr 4+ , − can be replaced with the Ca 2+ ions of HAp, indicating the host potential of doped HAp in biomedical applications.…”