Effect of heat treatment on the characteristics of tool steel deposited by the directed energy deposition process

Park, Jun Seok; Lee, Min-Gyu; Cho, Yong-Jae; Sung, Ji Hyun; Jeong, Myeong-Sik; Lee, Sang-Kon; Choi, Yeong Suk; Kim, Da Hye

doi:10.1007/s12540-016-5372-7

Cited by 47 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…They reported that the mechanical properties changed according to the volume fraction of carbide as the martensite or the residual austenite phase-transformed to pearlite/bainite through the post-cladding heat treatment. Park et al [10] examined the effect of the heat treatment on the properties of the tool steels (H13 and D2) that are deposited via the DED process. According to their study, the hardness of the deposited H13 decreased after the heat treatment, but the hardness of the deposited D2 increased after the heat treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Post-Heat Treatment on the AISI M4 Layer Deposited by Directed Energy Deposition

Baek

Shin

Lee

et al. 2020

Metals

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Currently, high-speed steel (HSS) powders are deposited locally on a metal surface through direct energy deposition (DED) onto hardface tool steel. Although the HSS powder enhances the hardness and the abrasion resistance of a metal surface, it makes the tool steel brittle because of its high carbon content. In addition, the steel is likely to break when subjected to a high load over time. This study focused on improving the steel toughness by applying a post-heat treatment. To fabricate a uniformly deposited layer through DED, M4 powder was deposited onto a pre-heated substrate (AISI D2). In addition, four post-heat-treated specimens were prepared, and their mechanical properties were compared. The Charpy impact and hardness tests were conducted to evaluate the durability required for the D2 die. The deposited M4 powder possessed a high hardness but a relatively low impact toughness. During laser melting, a stable bond formed between M4 and D2 without any cracks or delamination. The hardness of the initial M4 deposited layer was 63 HRC, which changed to 54–63 HRC depending on the effect of the post-heat treatment. Moreover, the post-heat-treatment process improves the impact toughness of the M4 deposited layer by changing its microstructure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Post-Heat Treatment on the AISI M4 Layer Deposited by Directed Energy Deposition

Baek

Shin

Lee

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…To improve the cooling characteristics in injection molding, Kim et al studied a method of manufacturing injection molds with the same three-dimensional cooling channel as the product shape using a hybrid mold manufacturing technology that combines machining and AM processes, and they applied it to the injection molding of automotive switch cover products [14]. Park et al studied the microstructure and heat treatment properties of mold steel materials using DED and the microstructure changes and energy input properties of materials during AM, and they suggested a method for improving the surface hardness properties of these materials [15,16]. Hong conducted a study on the shear mold manufacturing technology using the additive processing technology of dissimilar materials and introduced the case of commercialization [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual Stress Reduction Technology in Heterogeneous Metal Additive Manufacturing

Hong

Kim

2020

Materials

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Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a low-cost, high-efficiency functional mold manufacturing technology. However, when the functional section of the mold or part is not a partial area, and large-area additive processing of high-hardness metal is required, cracks occur frequently in AM and substrate materials owing to thermal stress and the accumulation of residual stresses. Hence, research on residual stress reduction technologies is required. In this study, we investigated the effect of reducing residual stress due to thermal deviation reduction using a real-time heating device as well as changes in laser power in the AM process for both high-hardness cold and hot work mold steel. The residual stress was measured using an X-ray stress diffraction device before and after AM. Compared to the AM processing conditions at room temperature (25 °C), residual stress decreased by 57% when the thermal deviation was reduced. The microstructures and mechanical properties of AM specimens manufactured under room-temperature and real-time preheating and heating conditions were analyzed using an optical microscope. Qualitative evaluation of the effect of reducing residual stress, which was quantitatively verified in a small specimen, confirmed that the residual stress decreased for a large-area curved specimen in which concentrated stress was generated during AM processing.

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“…However, their manufacturing through conventional processing route implies strong limitations on the achievable geometries, which could be overcome by a direct additive manufacturing process such as Powder Directed Energy Deposition [7]. The use of such a process already allows large scale complex functional parts made of titanium alloys [8][9][10][11][12], nickel-based superalloys [13,14] and several steels [15][16][17][18][19] to be manufactured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Laser Additive Manufacturing of TiAl Intermetallic Compound by Powder Directed Energy Deposition (DED)

et al. 2020

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Directed Energy Deposition of the commercial intermetallic Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy was investigated. The CLAD® process is dependent on multiple parameters, which were successfully optimised through several experiments, including series of beads, small blocks, and massive blocks, under argon atmosphere. The use of adapted temperature management leads to massive blocks manufacturing that bear no apparent macroscopic defects, such as cracks, which are generally observed in this brittle material due to strong temperature cycling during the manufacturing. The microstructure and geometrical parameters were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This process generates an ultra-fine and anisotropic microstructure, which is restored to a homogeneous duplex microstructure by a subsequent heat-treatment. Mechanical characterisation is in progress and will be used to validate the soundness of the materials produced in these conditions.

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Effect of heat treatment on the characteristics of tool steel deposited by the directed energy deposition process

Cited by 47 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of Post-Heat Treatment on the AISI M4 Layer Deposited by Directed Energy Deposition

Effect of Post-Heat Treatment on the AISI M4 Layer Deposited by Directed Energy Deposition

Residual Stress Reduction Technology in Heterogeneous Metal Additive Manufacturing

Direct Laser Additive Manufacturing of TiAl Intermetallic Compound by Powder Directed Energy Deposition (DED)

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