Effect of hesperidin on fluoride‐induced neurobehavioral and biochemical changes in rats

Abstract

Fluoride is the second largest contaminant of drinking water. Fluoride toxicity is a major concern in the endemic areas where a high amount of fluoride is present in ground water. Oxidative stress has been proposed to be one of the mechanisms of fluoride‐induced toxicity. Antioxidant‐rich food has been found to alleviate fluoride‐induced toxicity. Therefore, in this study, we have examined the effect of hesperidin on fluoride‐induced neurobehavioral changes in rats. In the current study, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to sodium fluoride through drinking water (120 ppm). Hesperidin (200 mg kg−1 d−1; per os) was administered either alone or in combination with fluoride‐containing drinking water. Bisphinol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) was used as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) antagonist and was administered (10 mg kg−1 d−1; intraperitoneal injection) with/without hesperidin along with fluoride‐containing drinking water. The behavioral changes in the animals were assessed by analyzing rotarod test, novel object recognition test, and forced swim test (FST). After 8 weeks, animals were killed to isolate blood and brain for monitoring biochemical changes. The 8‐week exposure of fluoride resulted in motor impairment as observed with reduced fall time in rotarod test, memory impairment as observed with reduced preference index in novel object recognition test, and depression‐like behavior as observed with reduced mobility index in the FST. Treatment with hesperidin improved neurobehavioral impairment along with restoration in brain biochemical changes (ie, acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant and oxidative stress parameters). The protective effect of hesperidin was reversed by coadministration of BADGE. The neuroprotective effect of hesperidin appears to be contributed through PPAR‐γ receptor.

Choline alleviated perinatal fluoride exposure‐induced learning and memory impairment through α4β2 nAChRs and α7 nAChRs in offspring mice

“…Learning and memory are advanced functions of the brain and the basic physiological components of thinking activities 10 . Los of literature has reported that fluoride caused learning and memory impairment 17,37 . Such as, Cao et al found that the rats learning and memory ability were reduced after fluoride exposure through the Morris water maze test 17 .…”

“…Such as, Cao et al found that the rats learning and memory ability were reduced after fluoride exposure through the Morris water maze test 17 . Jaiswal et al found that fluoride caused motor and memory impairment, the decrease of fall time and activity index, and depression‐like behaviors through the analyzing rotarod test, novel object recognition test, and forced swim test in the rats 37 . Consistent with the above research, in this study, the results of the Y‐maze test showed that fluoride increased the number of learning days, error reaction time, and total reaction time in the mice, which suggested that fluoride reduced learning and memory ability in the mice.…”

Mitigation Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles on Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Fluoride in Mice via the JAK2-STAT3 Pathway

“…Thus, long-term drinking of F-containing water may cause its accumulation in the brain, leading to changes in the brain tissue structure and function impairment. Studies have reported that long-term F exposure can cause autism spectrum syndrome (ASD), cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities in humans, and motor incoordination and depression-like behavior in rodents. − …”

Do methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase, and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1 polymorphisms modify changes in intelligence of school-age children in areas of endemic fluorosis?

“…[4,5] Besides, fluoride exposure is related to the dysfunction of the reproductive system, as well as the liver and brain damage. [6][7][8] Increasing studies have suggested that excessive fluoride is associated with disorders in cognition, learning, and memory ability. [9][10][11] Among them, a birth cohort study conducted in Canada suggested that increased fluoride concentrations in drinking water were associated with intellectual impairment in children.…”