Effect of Hexachlorobenzene on the Immune System of Rats Following Combined Pre- and Postnatal Exposure

Vos, J.G.; Logten, M.J. van; Kreeftenberg, J.G.; Steerenberg, P. A.; Kruizinga, W.

doi:10.3109/01480547908993182

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It is clear from many studies in laboratory animals that HCB is an environmental chemical with immunotoxic properties (59)(60)(61)63). Recently, immune effects such as increased serum IgM and IgG levels and impaired functions of neutrophilic granulocytes have been reported in workers occupationally exposed to HCB (82)(83)(84).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we concluded that the induction of skin and lung lesions by HCB is probably not due to binding of HCB or its reactive metabolites to macromolecules of the body. Such a thymus-independent etiology of the skin and lung lesions is remarkable, as HCB strongly modulates T-cell-mediated immune parameters (59,60,68). This points at a very complex mechanism and possible involvement of multiple factors in HCB-induced immunopathology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these infants a condition called Pembe Yara has been described, characterized by rose-red skin lesions on arms and legs, enlarged livers, diarrhea, and fever. There was a high mortality (> 95%) among young children who were exposed to HCB via the placenta or maternal milk (51,53,54 (59)(60)(61)(62). Histopathologic examination of the spleen and lymph nodes showed increased extramedullary hemopoiesis in the red pulp and hyperplasia of B lymphocytes in marginal zones and follicles of the spleen as well as an increase in high endothelial venules in the lymph nodes (49,50,59).…”

Section: Accidental Human Poisoning In Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, HCB induced a stimulation of humoral immunity, as measured by increased primary and secondary IgM and IgG responses to the thymus-dependent antigen tetanus toxoid. In contrast, the thymus-independent IgM response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) remained unchanged (59,60,63).…”

Section: Accidental Human Poisoning In Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity.

Michielsen

Loveren

Vos

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent environmental pollutant. The toxicity of HCB has been extensively studied after an accidental human poisoning in Turkey and more recently it has been shown that HCB has immunotoxic properties in laboratory animals and probably also in man. Oral exposure of rats to HCB showed stimulatory effects on spleen and lymph node weights and histology, increased serum IgM levels, and an enhancement of several parameters of immune function. Moreover, more recent studies indicate that HCB-induced effects in the rat may be related to autoimmunity. In Wistar rats exposed to HCB, IgM antibodies against several autoantigens were elevated; in the Lewis rat, HCB differently modulated two experimental models of autoimmune disease. Oral exposure of rats to HCB induces skin and lung pathology in the rat. Recently several studies have been conducted to investigate whether these skin and lung lesions can be related to HCB-induced immunomodulation, and these studies will be discussed in this review. HCB-induced skin and lung lesions probably have a different etiology; pronounced strain differences and correlation of skin lesions with immune parameters suggest a specific involvement of the immune system in HCB-induced skin lesions. The induction of lung lesions by HCB was thymus independent. Thymus-dependent T cells were not likely to be required for the induction of skin lesions, although T cells enhanced the rate of induction and the progression of the skin lesions. No deposition of autoantibodies was observed in nonlesional or lesional skin of HCB-treated rats. Therefore, we concluded that it is unlikely that the mechanism by which most allergic or autoimmunogenic chemicals work, i.e., by binding to macromolecules of the body and subsequent T-and B-cell activation, is involved in the HCB-induced immunopathology in the rat. Such a thymus-independent immunopathology is remarkable, as HCB strongly modulates T-cell-mediated immune parameters. This points at a very complex mechanism and possible involvement of multiple factors in the immunopathology of HCB.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accidental Human Poisoning In Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accidental Human Poisoning In Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity.

Michielsen

Loveren

Vos

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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“…In other studies, evidence of reduced pulmonary natural killer cell activity was observed in rats following oral exposure to 150 mg/kg HCB in the diet for 6 weeks (34); unfortunately, a NOAEL could not be determined from this study. Proliferation of lymph node, high endothelial venules following HCB exposure noted by Kitchin et al (35), as well as Vos et al (36), in rats at prenatal and postnatal HCB doses of 50 mg/kg/day may alter Tand B-lymphocyte trafficking and explain these differential effects. Hyperplasia of gut-associated lymphoid tissues was also noted in dogs administered as little as 1 mg/kg/day (37), providing further histological evidence for an effect of HCB on the immune system.…”

Section: Hexachiorobenzenementioning

confidence: 87%

Pesticide-Induced Immunotoxicity: Are Great Lakes Residents at Risk?

Thomas¹

1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Several organophosphate and organochlorine compounds, including pesticides commonly found in the Great Lakes basin, have the potential to induce immunotoxicity. Because of biomagnification and accumulation in the food chain, Great Lakes residents may inadvertently be exposed to these compounds and thus face increased risk of immune dysfunction. In spite of the laboratory animal data and evidence from occupational exposures that suggest immunotoxicity, there is no definitive evidence as yet that environmental exposure to these xenobiotics poses a significant threat to the human immune system that is sufficient to predispose residents of the Great Lakes basin to increased disease. However, uncertainties with regard to exposure levels, predictability of tests, suitability of the animal models, and immune reserve cannot be ruled out when making risk assessment decisions such as this. -Environ Health Perspect 1 03(Suppl 9): 55-61 (1995)

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Halogenated Benzenes

Langenbach

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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This group of chemicals is derived through substitutions of chlorine for hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring. The toxicological properties of chlorinated benzenes differ substantially from benzene in that they lack the hematological toxicity and leukemogenic activity that have been associated with benzene. The compounds have an aromatic odor with lower volatilities, higher densities, and lower flammabilities than the parent compound benzene. Some of the settings in which exposures may be encountered are in manufacturing sites, home and public areas where deodorants or disinfectants are present, and in the applications of the materials such as fumigants, insecticides, lacquers, paints, and seed disinfection products. Because a substantial number of studies have focused on comparative evaluations of compounds in this chemical group, the results of these investigations are presented below prior to detailed discussions of individual compounds. In addition, a summary of various regulatory classifications of these compounds is provided.

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Effect of Hexachlorobenzene on the Immune System of Rats Following Combined Pre- and Postnatal Exposure

Cited by 46 publications

References 9 publications

The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity.

The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity.

Pesticide-Induced Immunotoxicity: Are Great Lakes Residents at Risk?

Halogenated Benzenes

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