Effect of high altitude on maximal working capacity.

Klausen, Kurt Klaudi; Robinson, Sandra; Micahel, E D; Myhre, L. G.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1966.21.4.1191

Cited by 52 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Recently, Beidleman et al [19] reported that at a simulated 4,300 m altitude, VO 2 peak was ϳ27% lower than SL in both phases (luteal and follicular). The above data are consistent with those in previous reports showing that the reduction in VO 2 peak is dependent on the altitude [1,2,32]. Most studies have reported that differences in VO 2 during maximal or submaximal exercise were not significant between the luteal and follicular phases at SL [10,17,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], but one study has found such a difference [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Modulating Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise under Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia.

Takase

Nishiyasu²,

Asano³

2002

JJP

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Anecdotal evidence, recently supported by scientific evidence, suggests that altitude training may offer advantages over sea-level (SL) training [1][2][3][4][5]. As a consequence, many elite athletes, female as well as male, now train at high altitude in an effort to enhance their SL performance. It is known that the menstrual cycle modulates thermoregulatory and cardiorespiratory responses, both at rest and during exercise, but it is not yet clear how this modulation is altered by moving to a higher altitude (Յ3,000 m), either acutely or chronically.In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, increased body-core temperature and high levels of progesterone are found. Progesterone has been shown to stimulate minute ventilation (VE) [6,7] and to be associated with a decrease in alveolar carbon dioxide tension in the luteal phase [8][9][10]. Moreover, hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) at rest is increased in the luteal phase, although amenorrheic women show no such significant modulation in HVR [10,11]. Further, eumenorrheic women show a greater hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) at rest in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase [10,[12][13][14]. Thus, the increased ventilatory response in the luteal phase is thought to be due to progesterone lowering the threshold of the medullary respiratory center and increasing its excitability [15].Given the stimulatory effects of progesterone on resting VE [7,16], VE during exercise would also be expected to be higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase. While a number of studies have indeed demonstrated an increase in VE during maximal or submaximal exercise in the luteal phase [10,13,14,17,18], other studies have found no differences [19][20][21][22][23]. As a result of the increased body-core temperature in the luteal phase, oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) dur- Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, 553-560, 2002 Key words: cycle exercise, altitude training, ventilatory response, luteal phase. Abstract:The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the menstrual cycleinduced modulation of the cardiorespiratory response to exercise might be altered by acute exposure to altitude. During both the luteal and follicular phases, 9 moderately trained female subjects with normal menstrual cycles performed incremental exercise to maximal effort on a cycle ergometer at sea level (SL) and under hypobaric hypoxia (HH) at the equivalent of 3,000 m altitude. Both at rest and during exercise, minute ventilation (VE) and oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) did not differ between the luteal and follicular phases (either at SL or HH). However, the ratio of VE to VO 2 (VE/VO 2 ), both at rest and during peak exercise, was greater in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase under HH conditions. Furthermore, the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PET CO 2 ) during exercise was lower in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase in HH. These results suggest that the menstrual cycle-induced modulation of the ventilatory response to exercise may be altered under...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Modulating Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise under Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia.

Takase

Nishiyasu²,

Asano³

2002

JJP

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“…In contrast, our CP patients exhibit the opposite effect. However, not all studies have detected the reduction in lactate accumulation during exercise following acclimatization (44,45), and the existence of the lactate paradox is a matter of debate (43,(46)(47)(48)(49)(50). In a similar manner, there is a debate as to whether there are any benefits associated with a "live high, train low" regimen for endurance athletes other than those that may arise from the associated erythrocytosis (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor

Formenti

Constantin‐Teodosiu

Emmanuel

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

157

125

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The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors directs a coordinated cellular response to hypoxia that includes the transcriptional regulation of a number of metabolic enzymes. Chuvash polycythemia (CP) is an autosomal recessive human disorder in which the regulatory degradation of HIF is impaired, resulting in elevated levels of HIF at normal oxygen tensions. Apart from the polycythemia, CP patients have marked abnormalities of cardiopulmonary function. No studies of integrated metabolic function have been reported. Here we describe the response of these patients to a series of metabolic stresses: exercise of a large muscle mass on a cycle ergometer, exercise of a small muscle mass (calf muscle) which allowed noninvasive in vivo assessments of muscle metabolism using 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and a standard meal tolerance test. During exercise, CP patients had early and marked phosphocreatine depletion and acidosis in skeletal muscle, greater accumulation of lactate in blood, and reduced maximum exercise capacities. Muscle biopsy specimens from CP patients showed elevated levels of transcript for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, phosphofructokinase, and muscle pyruvate kinase. In cell culture, a range of experimental manipulations have been used to study the effects of HIF on cellular metabolism. However, these approaches provide no potential to investigate integrated responses at the level of the whole organism. Although CP is relatively subtle disorder, our study now reveals a striking regulatory role for HIF on metabolism during exercise in humans. These findings have significant implications for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting the HIF pathway.exercise | lactate | glycolysis | Chuvash polycythemia | von Hippel-Lindau

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“…The classic underlying hypothesis is that prolonged exposure to altitude during the training camp may improve red blood cell volume, oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, and therefore, maximal oxygen transport (Klausen et al 1966). However, in practice, the management of the training process in the hypoxic environment remains complex, which may explain why the efficacy of this method is still very controversial (Gore et al 1998;Levine 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living high–training low: effect on erythropoiesis and aerobic performance in highly-trained swimmers

Robach

Schmitt²,

Brugniaux

et al. 2005

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The "living high-training low" model (LHTL), i.e., training in normoxia but sleeping/living in hypoxia, is designed to improve the athletes performance. However, LHTL efficacy still remains controversial and also little is known about the duration of its potential benefit. This study tested whether LHTL enhances aerobic performance in athletes, and if any positive effect may last for up to 2 weeks after LHTL intervention. Eighteen swimmers trained for 13 days at 1,200 m while sleeping/living at 1,200 m in ambient air (control, n=9) or in hypoxic rooms (LHTL, n=9, 5 days at simulated altitude of 2,500 m followed by 8 days at simulated altitude of 3,000 m, 16 h day(-1)). Measures were done before 1-2 days (POST-1) and 2 weeks after intervention (POST-15). Aerobic performance was assessed from two swimming trials, exploring .VO(2max) and endurance performance (2,000-m time trial), respectively. Reticulocyte, serum EPO and soluble transferrin receptor responses were not altered by LHTL, whereas reticulocytes decreased in controls. In POST-1 (vs. before): red blood cell volume increased in LHTL only (+8.5%, P=0.03), .VO(2max) tended to increase more in LHTL (+8.1%, P=0.09) than in controls (+2.5%, P=0.21) without any difference between groups (P=0.42) and 2,000-m performance was unchanged with LHTL. In POST-15, both performance and hematological parameters were similar to initial levels. Our results indicate that LHTL may stimulate red cell production, without any concurrent amelioration of aerobic performance. The absence of any prolonged benefit after LHTL suggests that this LHTL model cannot be recommended for long-term purposes.

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Effect of high altitude on maximal working capacity.

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Modulating Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise under Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia.

Modulating Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise under Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia.

Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor

Living high–training low: effect on erythropoiesis and aerobic performance in highly-trained swimmers

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