Effect of High-Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres on Infestations of Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Apples

Abstract

Short-term storage regimens containing elevated atmospheres of carbon dioxide (CO2) were evaluated for their ability to disinfest newly harvested 'McIntosh' apples of apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Infested fruits containing newly laid eggs were either placed directly into the high-CO2 atmosphere at 10 degrees C to expose this life stage, or else held first for 7 d at room temperature, to allow development to the neonate larval stage. Treatment combinations consisted of three different CO2 levels (10.6, 14.9, and 19.0% CO2) and two periods of exposure (7 and 14 d). Apple maggot eggs subjected to the treatments always exhibited some survival, which was lower for the 14-d than the 7-d exposure periods. In contrast, newly hatched larvae were less able to survive the treatments. The 7-d exposure allowed low levels of survival of this life stage, but virtually none survived the 14-d exposure period. To determine the age at which eggs become more susceptible to high-CO2 atmospheres, infested fruits containing eggs three or 3d old were submitted to a 14-d exposure to 19.0% CO2. Survival of 3-d old eggs was similar to that of eggs exposed at an age of 1 d or less, but this dropped to near zero for 5-d old eggs, indicating an increase in susceptibility sometime during the 3-5-d age range. Fruits exposed to 19.0% CO2 for 14 d were significantly firmer than untreated fruits. No apparent browning, internal breakdown or other fruit defects were detected in any of the treatments.

Optimizing Metabolic Stress Disinfection and Disinfestation Components to Control <I>Pseudococcus longispinus</I>

“…Several studies have demonstrated that high levels of CO 2 can be used to control insect pests in long-term storage. However, high CO 2 treatments are limited to high CO 2 -tolerant commodities (Navarro and Calderon 1974, Friedlander and Navarro 1979, Soderstrom et al 1991, Locatelli and Daolio 1993, Agnello et al 2002. In addition, high CO 2 has been shown to increase the efÞcacy of other insecticides, such as ozone and propylene oxide (Navarro et al 2004, Hollingsworth andArmstrong 2005).…”

Controlled in vivo infestation of mandarin fruit with Ceratitis capitata for development of quarantine treatments

“…Kamburov, 1972;Alonso et al, 2002aAlonso et al, ,b, 2005bPalou et al, 2007Palou et al, , 2008, and (c) in vivo reared in artificially infested fruit (e.g. Seo et al, 1973;Windeguth and Gould, 1990;Hallman and Worley, 1999;Hallman and Martínez, 2001;Agnello et al, 2002). The latter approach is a priori the most realistic case, but requires studies to determine the optimal fruit to fly ratio (fruit:fly ratio henceforth) during infestation and the duration of the exposure to minimize the number of fruit where the life cycle of C. capitata will not be completed.…”