Effect of high pressure salt water absorption on the mechanical characteristics of additively manufactured polymers

LeBlanc, James; Shattuck, Lewis; Warner, Eric; Javier, Carlos; Chenwi, Irine; Chu, Tyler; Shukla, Arun

doi:10.1016/j.ijlmm.2022.12.001

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Previous studies conducted on injection-molded PEI and injection-molded PC reported that the water absorption reached an equilibrium of approximately 0.5 wt% and 0.6 wt% after approximately 4 days [55,56]. Other studies conducted with Ultem 9085 specimens produced by FFF and immersed in a high-pressure saltwater environment and real marine environment at around 15 • C reported that the increase in weight saturated at 9 wt% after 8 days and at 4.5% after 6 months [15,34]. In the present study, the maximum increase in wt% for the Ultem 9085 samples exceeded 7%, which falls within the rather wide reported range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Another concern in this study was the specimen type and number of unacceptable failures. It is becoming widely recognized that the ASTM standard specimens for characterizing the tensile properties of polymers are not reliable for FFF [28,34,[46][47][48]71]. Premature failures occurred due to the voids between the infill and contour outlines and the inherent stress concentration produced by the sample design.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results showed that the UV and vacuum environment at elevated temperature caused stiffening and strengthening of Ultem 9085 but a reduction in the strain to fracture [15]. Considerations related to changes in durability with exposure to seawater are just now appearing [15,34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Durability of Ultem 9085 in Marine Environments: A Consideration in Fused Filament Fabrication of Structural Components

Wang,

Travis,

Sorna

et al. 2024

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The long-term durability of polymer components produced by additive manufacturing (AM) in marine conditions is poorly understood. Here, fused filament fabrication (FFF) of Ultem 9085 was conducted and accelerated aging was performed. Two printing orientations (−45/45° and 0/90°) and two sample types (ASTM D638 Type 1 and Type 4) were produced and subjected to accelerated aging in either seawater or air. Results from tensile tests showed that the elastic modulus, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increased after seawater aging, whereas the elongation to failure decreased. Results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative–TGA curves indicated that hydrolysis occurred after seawater exposure to the polycarbonate (PC) component and changes in structure or hydrogen bonds formed in the polyetherimide (PEI) component. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that physical aging occurred after short exposure periods and low temperature. Longer exposures and higher temperatures resulted in increasing plasticization by water and scission of the PC molecules. Results from Raman suggest that hydrolysis of the PC occurred, with a reduction in free volume produced by physical aging or hydrogen bonding with water molecules. These results highlight that Ultem 9085 is susceptible to degradation in marine environments, and there are two primary mechanisms, including physical and chemical aging. Their specific contribution is highly sensitive to the aging temperature and require careful selection in accelerated aging evaluations.

show abstract