Effect of High Sugar Intake on Glucose Transporter and Weight Regulating Hormones in Mice and Humans

Abstract

ObjectiveSugar consumption has increased dramatically over the last decades in Western societies. Especially the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages seems to be a major risk for the development of obesity. Thus, we compared liquid versus solid high-sugar diets with regard to dietary intake, intestinal uptake and metabolic parameters in mice and partly in humans.MethodsFive iso-caloric diets, enriched with liquid (in water 30% vol/vol) or solid (in diet 65% g/g) fructose or sucrose or a control diet were fed for eight weeks to C57bl/6 mice. Sugar, liquid and caloric intake, small intestinal sugar transporters (GLUT2/5) and weight regulating hormone mRNA expression, as well as hepatic fat accumulation were measured. In obese versus lean humans that underwent either bariatric surgery or small bowel resection, we analyzed small intestinal GLUT2, GLUT5, and cholecystokinin expression.ResultsIn mice, the liquid high-sucrose diet caused an enhancement of total caloric intake compared to the solid high-sucrose diet and the control diet. In addition, the liquid high-sucrose diet increased expression of GLUT2, GLUT5, and cholecystokinin expression in the ileum (P<0.001). Enhanced liver triglyceride accumulation was observed in mice being fed the liquid high-sucrose or -fructose, and the solid high-sucrose diet compared to controls. In obese, GLUT2 and GLUT5 mRNA expression was enhanced in comparison to lean individuals.ConclusionsWe show that the form of sugar intake (liquid versus solid) is presumably more important than the type of sugar, with regard to feeding behavior, intestinal sugar uptake and liver fat accumulation in mice. Interestingly, in obese individuals, an intestinal sugar transporter modulation also occurred when compared to lean individuals.

The Effect of Nonnutritive Sweeteners Added to a Liquid Diet on Volume and Caloric Intake and Weight Gain in Rats

“…High‐sucrose diets can induce changes in the gastrointestinal microflora, potentially reducing digestion and absorption . Over time, however, adaptations of intestinal physiology, including enzyme and glucose transporter upregulation, may improve digestion and absorption, explaining the return at week 4 to a more normal rate of weight gain in these rats . The dissociation between caloric intake and weight gain observed in the remainder of the study is consistent with other researchers' observations .…”

Differential effects of hypercaloric choice diets on insulin sensitivity in rats

“…Differences in sugar textures could render different responses. For example, mice fed a sugar solution showed increased expression of glucose transporters and cholecystokinin in ileum tissue compared to mice fed an equal amount of metabolizable energy via a solid sugar diet (Ritze et al 2014). In addition, we showed previously that fcHFHS-fed rats consume their dietary sugar component also during the light period (la Fleur et al 2014) and circadian disruption has been shown to induce insulin resistance (Shi et al 2013).…”

Effect of High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress on Paraoxonase 2 Expression and Activity in Caco-2 Cells

“…Using intestinal epithelial cell (IEC-6) lower transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, damage to the barrier structure and function have been reported in cells treated with a high concentration of glucose (50 mM) [66]. Moreover, alterations of intestinal glucose transport and epithelial integrity leading to an abnormal influx of immune stimulatory microbial products and a propensity for systemic spread of entry of pathogens has been demonstrated in animal models [16,67,68].…”