Effect of Hog Millet Supplementation on Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High-fat Diet

Abstract

The dietary intake of whole grains is known to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In our previous study, hog millet (HM, Panicum miliaceum L.) water extract showed the highest anti-lipogenic activity among nine cereal types in 3T3-L1 cells. In this study, the effect of hog millet water extract on hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high fat diet was investigated. Mice were fed a normal-fat diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD containing 1% or 2% (w/w) HM for 7 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored during the study period. Insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), fasting lipid profile, hepatic fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression determined, and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) were performed at the study's end. The results indicated that 1% and 2% HM diets effectively decreased liver weights, blood TG and T-cholesterol levels (p<0.05), while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased (p<0.05) compared to HFD-induced steatotsis mice. Hepatic lipogenic-related gene (PPARα, L-FABP, and SCD1) expressions decreased, whereas lipolysis-related gene (CPT1) expression increased in animals fed the 2% PME diet (p<0.05). In addition, mice fed 1% or 2% HM diet had markedly decreased IGTT and HOMA-IR, compared to the those of the HFD-induced hepatic steatosis control group (p<0.05). These results indicated that HM inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating fatty acid metabolism, and suggested that HM is useful in the chemoprevention or treatment of high fat-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic steatosis-related disorders including hyperlipidemia, glucose sensitivity, and insulin resistance.

Whole-grain foods and chronic disease: evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies

“…While this study used foods prepared in the same way as they would be consumed by human subjects, a direct comparison is not possible between whole and refined grains (but rather WG and refined sugar). A series of recent studies assessed the effect of switching maize starch with 1-2 % by weight powdered millet extracts (50)(51)(52) . In these studies, these relatively small changes to the overall diet improved the metabolic profile and body weight of the millet-fed mice v. comparator groups with metabolic syndrome induced by either dietary or genetic manipulation.…”

Repressive effects of red bean, Phaseolus angularis, extracts on obesity of mouse induced with high-fat diet via downregulation of adipocyte differentiation and modulating lipid metabolism

“…A recent study assessed fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in the liver tissues of fatty liver-induced mice. As a result, the study verified that the expression of L-Fabp and Scd1 decreased in the group treated with hog millet hot water extract, indicating that the extract is effective in suppressing fatty acid synthesis (Park et al, 2012). Moreover, Scd1 expression in mouse pre-adipocyte cell treated with soybean curd by-products during adipocyte differentiation, were decreased to the range between 50 and 85% depending on the treatment concentration in contrast to Fabp4 gene expression was almost unchanged compared to the control (Park et al, 2012).…”

“…As a result, the study verified that the expression of L-Fabp and Scd1 decreased in the group treated with hog millet hot water extract, indicating that the extract is effective in suppressing fatty acid synthesis (Park et al, 2012). Moreover, Scd1 expression in mouse pre-adipocyte cell treated with soybean curd by-products during adipocyte differentiation, were decreased to the range between 50 and 85% depending on the treatment concentration in contrast to Fabp4 gene expression was almost unchanged compared to the control (Park et al, 2012). This could be attributable to soybean curd by-products which involve in lipid metabolism and regulate adipocyte differentiation (Choi et al, 2011).…”