Effect of Hot Probe Temperature on Ignition of Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Fuel Spray under Aircraft Propulsion System Conditions

Biofuels in Aviation: Exploring the Impact of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in Aircraft Engines

“…ATJ's appeal lies in its use of renewable feedstocks, including sugars, starches, and lignocellulosic biomass, which can be fermented into alcohols before conversion. This flexibility allows the utilization of a wide range of raw materials, including non-food crops and agricultural residues, potentially reducing competition with food sources and minimizing land use impacts [49,50]. Furthermore, the ATJ process is capable of producing jet fuel that performs comparably to conventional jet fuel in terms of energy density and cold-flow properties while significantly reducing lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.…”

“…Fischer-Tropsch process or hydroprocessing of renewable fats and oils [36,37] Reduction in particulate and GHG emissions; compatible with existing engines and infrastructure [36,37] Higher production costs; scalability and sustainability of feedstock supply chains [38] High-quality fuel with no sulfur; excellent combustion properties [36] Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Fuel Conversion of syngas (from coal, natural gas, or biomass) into liquid hydrocarbons [39,40] Sulfur-free; lower GHG emissions; high performance in engines [41,42] Capital-intensive production plants; variability in feedstock costs [43,44] Advances in catalysis and process engineering; integration of carbon capture and utilization technologies [45,46] Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Conversion of alcohols (ethanol, isobutanol) into synthetic paraffinic kerosene [47,48] Uses renewable feedstocks;sSignificant GHG emissions reduction [49,50] High initial capital investment; economic viability depends on feedstock costs and fermentation efficiency [51] Established catalytic processes for dehydration and oligomerization [47,48] Oil from Algae Cultivation of algae, lipid extraction, and refining into biofuel [54][55][56][57] High oil yields per area; can be cultivated in diverse environments without competing with agricultural resources [54,55] Economic costs of large-scale production; energy-intensive cultivation and harvesting processes [56][57][58] Optimization of growth conditions; integration with waste management systems [59,60] Energies 2024, 17, 2650 9 of 17…”