2013
DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2012.736472
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Effect of humidity and a superabsorbent polymer formulation on the efficacy ofHeterorhabditis zealandica(Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) to control codling moth,Cydia pomonella(L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract: Adequate moisture levels are required for nematode survival and subsequent efficacy as entomopathogens. Formulation of nematodes aimed at aboveground applications may assist in maintaining such moisture levels. In this study, we report the effects of a superabsorbent polymer formulation, Zeba® on the performance of an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica Poinar, for controlling diapausing codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) larvae in cryptic habitats on trees. Water activity (aw-value) on bark … Show more

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Cited by 34 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…In previous research, we demonstrated that Barricade can enhance the efficacy of aboveground nematode applications (Shapiro-Ilan et al, 2010), and now, in this study we have discovered benefits in applying the sprayable gel to the soil surface around the tree base. Other formulations or adjuvants have also shown promise in protecting entomopathogenic nematodes from adverse environmental conditions during aboveground applications (Glazer et al, 1992;Schroer and Ehlers, 2005;Perry et al, 2012;de Waal et al, 2013). Additional research is needed to compare Barricade with these other formulations as potential replacements for irrigation and to explore the potential for combining formulation components.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…In previous research, we demonstrated that Barricade can enhance the efficacy of aboveground nematode applications (Shapiro-Ilan et al, 2010), and now, in this study we have discovered benefits in applying the sprayable gel to the soil surface around the tree base. Other formulations or adjuvants have also shown promise in protecting entomopathogenic nematodes from adverse environmental conditions during aboveground applications (Glazer et al, 1992;Schroer and Ehlers, 2005;Perry et al, 2012;de Waal et al, 2013). Additional research is needed to compare Barricade with these other formulations as potential replacements for irrigation and to explore the potential for combining formulation components.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…For instance, the recent innovations in adjuvants and formulation technology have been instrumental in delving into arenas that previously may have been considered inaccessible, i.e., targeting aboveground pests (Arthurs et al, 2004;de Waal et al, 2013;Shapiro-Ilan, Morales-Ramos et al, 2010). Further investigations to enhance formulation toward aboveground application, and other novel delivery approaches for EPNs are needed, and goals should be oriented to reducing overall costs while enhancing efficacy.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…For example, mixing EPNs with a surfactant and polymer greatly enhanced control of diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (Schroer & Ehlers, 2005). Working with C. pomonella, de Waal, Malan, and Addison (2013) tested the efficacy of a superabsorbent polymer formulation, "Zeba" and reported that the formulation combined with Heterorhabditis zealandica Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) improved the level of control obtained at 60 and 80 % RH in the laboratory and improved survival and infection-ability of the nematodes in the field (targeting cryptic habitats on the tree). Another approach to enhancing EPN applications aboveground has been the use of a fire-gel, Barricade (Shapiro-Ilan, Cottrell, et al, 2010).…”
Section: Improved Methods Of Applicationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The addition of Zeba w to suspensions of S. yirgalemense increased mortality significantly at 60% and 80% RH. De Waal et al (2013) tested Zeba w to improve control of diapausing codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) in tree trunk bioassays with H. zealandica, showing Zeba w to increase mortality significantly at both 60% and 80% RH. Citrus leaves and fruit have a waxy cuticle and, therefore, the ability of nematode suspensions to stick to their surfaces is greatly impaired.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%