Effect of hybrid carbon black/lignin on rheological, mechanical and thermal stability properties of NR/BR composites

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of hybrid carbon black/lignin on the rheological, mechanical and thermal stability of NR/BR composites. Three types of lignin, namely, Kraft lignin (KL), organosolv lignin (OL) and soda lignin (SL) were incorporated into rubber matrix at the filler loadings of 5-20 phr, where the total filler content was fixed at 50 phr. Based on the performance of the three types of lignin, the KL and OL-filled NR/BR composites showed better properties compared to SL-filled NR/BR composite. However, the inclusion of KL up to a loading of 10 phr in the rubber matrix showed comparable results with those of the NR/ BR/CB50 (without lignin). It was observed that the minimum and maximum torque (ML and MH, respectively) of the composite with KL were improved. Furthermore, the incorporation of lignin in the NR/BR matrix reduced the Payne effect and enhanced their processability, thermal stability and aging resistance.

Sensitivity Analysis of Thermal Degradation of Plastic Waste Using Statistically Assumed Exponential Factors and Activation Energies

“…The high temperature may cause these waxes to break down into smaller molecules, which could eventually result in the formation of carbon black. This material is extremely stable; therefore, it will not undergo further chemical changes . The other reaction parameters, including E a , A o , temperature, and catalysts, might also alter the reaction rate and the nature of the products.…”

Recent developments in lignin modification and its application in lignin‐based green composites: A review

“…Lignin can also improve the strength of the lignin‐rubber matrix contact, which improves composite characteristics. [ 86 ] Combining lignin with silica enhances tensile strength, aging resistance, thermal stability, and heat build‐up in lignin/rubber composites. [ 88 ] According to research by Aini et al, [ 86 ] natural rubber/polybutadiene rubber (NR/BR) composites given kraft lignin and organosolv lignin are of higher quality than NR/BR composites given lignin soda, but the results of the study when kraft lignin was inserted into the rubber matrix until loading of 10 phr are the same as NR/BR (without lignin).…”

“…[ 85 ] Lignin has a phenolic structure, which is the major supplement that may be employed as a potential filler and is plentiful renewable energy. [ 86 ] The employment of fillers as reinforcements can reveal information on their structure, particle size, and surface activity fiber area. [ 87 ] The addition of lignin to styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) can increase the viscoelastic and abrasion‐resistant qualities of the rubber.…”

“…[ 86 ] Combining lignin with silica enhances tensile strength, aging resistance, thermal stability, and heat build‐up in lignin/rubber composites. [ 88 ] According to research by Aini et al, [ 86 ] natural rubber/polybutadiene rubber (NR/BR) composites given kraft lignin and organosolv lignin are of higher quality than NR/BR composites given lignin soda, but the results of the study when kraft lignin was inserted into the rubber matrix until loading of 10 phr are the same as NR/BR (without lignin). The Payne effect was reduced, and thermal stability and aging resistance were enhanced by including lignin in the NR/BR matrix.…”

Upcycling of waste jute biomass to advanced biocarbon materials: the effect of pyrolysis temperature on their physicochemical and electrical properties

“…11 It has been explored that biocarbon as a filler significantly enhances the performance of a polymer matrix with increased sustainable content and has the potential to be used as a next-generation carbon material. 12 The research towards developing biobased, economically viable and sustainable composite 13 injection molded parts will create a niche market for agro-waste biomass.…”