Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on a Value of an Open Circuit Potential of Poly‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) as a Beneficial Mode for Energy Storage Devices

Abstract

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) is one of the semiconducting polymers that has attracted attention as electroactive materials for many different applications such as electrochromic devices, light‐emitting diodes, biosensors, and supercapacitors. The fundamental understanding of the origin of its energy storage ability will lead to the proper design of such devices. Generally, the charge storage in supercapacitors is due to the formation of an electrical double layer and/or redox reactions. Recently, it is shown that the formation of cation radicals in PEDOT is induced by the hydrogen‐bond formation between formic acid and polymer during electrochemical polymerization. The induced cation radicals play a major role in the charge storage ability of PEDOT, as studied in the current work. Furthermore, the presence of hydrogen bonds in PEDOT leads to the stable in time open circuit potential of 900 mV. This new knowledge leads to the designing of a symmetrical supercapacitor based on PEDOT as active material where hydrogen‐bonds play a crucial role in the improved performance of the device.

Synergy between the Assembly of Individual PEDOT Chains and Their Interaction with Light

“…Such assemblies of PEDOT into nanoobjects can find application, for example, as materials for supercapacitors, as recently shown by us …”

“…Such assemblies of PEDOT into nanoobjects can find application, for example, as materials for supercapacitors, as recently shown by us. 53 We must emphasize that the effect of hydrogen bonding on the conductivity of well-known composite PEDOT:PSS is studied in the literature. 54−56 However, the treatment of the final productPEDOT:PSSwith formic acid and/or other molecules containing groups that can form hydrogen bonding is different from the observation in the current study.…”

Natural Biomass Hydrogel Based on Cotton Fibers/PVA for Acid Supercapacitors

“…Recently, flexible and wearable electronic products have also displayed broad market prospects; , these flexible devices are expected to be lightweight and ultrathin . Liquid electrolytes have many limitations in the preparation of flexible SCs due to the risk of leakage during bending. − Therefore, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have drawn increasing attention due to their flexibility, good mechanical properties, and reduced risk of liquid electrolyte leakage. , GPEs consist of a polymer and a liquid electrolyte . The polymer matrix chains can cross-link with each other, and this structure prevents electrolyte leakage by physical or chemical entanglement .…”

Novel Bistable Electrochromic Devices Inspired by “Hydroxyl‐Acids”

“…Many materials have been functionalized with the help of hydroxyl activity. For example, the flexible sensing of hydrogels, [21][22][23][24][25] the energy storage of devices, [26] and the electrochromic properties of hydrogen bonded organic frameworks. [27] Similarly, the fluorane chromotropic system can undergo surprising changes in the hydroxyl-rich microenvironment.…”

“…Here, inspired by previous work, [35] proton-coupled electron transfer theory [36][37][38][39][40][41] and the weak activity of hydroxyl, [26,42] we proposed a theory of synergistic improvement of electrochromic rate and bistability of fluorane dyes by "hydroxylacids". The hydroxyl group has the function of accelerating the ring-opening coloring of fluorane dye and stabilizing the colored state of fluorane dye, which was verified by the faster electrochromic rate (1.47…”