Effect of hydrolysis time on the morphological, physical, chemical, and thermal behavior of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr)

Abstract

Sugar palm nanocrystalline celluloses (SPNCCs) were isolated from sugar palm fiber (SPF). In this study, acid hydrolysis (60 wt. %) at different reaction times (30, 45, and 60 min) was carried out to investigate the optimum yield of NCC. The physical properties, degree of polymerization, chemical composition, structural analysis, crystallinity, surface area and charge, zeta potential, thermal analysis, and morphological characterization were also conducted to determine the outcome (efficiency) of the process. The results showed that a needle-like shape was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. TEM analysis showed optimum aspect ratios of 13.46, 14.44, and 13.13 for isolated SPNCC-I, SPNCC-II, and SPNCC-III, respectively. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the degradation temperature of NCC decreased slightly from 335.15℃ to 278.50℃ as the reaction time increased. A shorter hydrolysis time tended to produce SPNCC with higher thermal stability, as proven in thermal analysis by TGA. The optimal isolation time was found to be around 45 min at 1200 rpm during hydrolysis at 45℃ with 60% sulfuric acid. Therefore, the extracted SPNCC from SPF has huge potential to be utilized in the bionanocomposite field for the production of biopackaging, biomedical products, etc.

The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Compositions on the Mechanical, Physiochemical, Antibacterial, and Morphology Properties of Sugar Palm Starch Biocomposites for Antibacterial Coating

“…The films developed from sugar palm starch are described as non-toxic, colorless, biodegradable, tasteless, odorless, and isotropic. In a previous study conducted by Ilyas et al [22], sugar palm starch films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol and reinforced with sugar palm nanocellulose were developed to enhance their mechanical and barrier properties [25][26][27][28]. The mechanical properties of starch biopolymers can be improved with the addition of natural fibres [11,29].…”

Antimicrobial Activities of Starch-Based Biopolymers and Biocomposites Incorporated with Plant Essential Oils: A Review

“…Food packaging can prevent food damage [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. It is essential to select the proper materials and packaging techniques to retain food quality and freshness [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Edible film packaging is new and environmentally friendly food preservation technique compared to conventional packaging.…”

“…Edible film packaging is new and environmentally friendly food preservation technique compared to conventional packaging. The biodegradable film retains food quality and is environmentally friendly [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Although several kinds of new polymers such as (polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA) are industrially produced, agricultural based polymers are the most investigated by researchers, mainly polysaccharides [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Mechanical Properties of Longitudinal Basalt/Woven-Glass-Fiber-reinforced Unsaturated Polyester-Resin Hybrid Composites

“…In general, composites are composed of two phases, the matrix and the reinforcement. The matrix serves to bond the reinforcements, which in turn, increase the strength of the composite [ 4 , 6 , 7 ]. Today, composites composed of fiber and polymer are the most popular and are widely applied in various types of industries [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”