Effect of hygiene interventions on acute respiratory infections in childcare, school and domestic settings in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review

McGuinness, Sarah L.; Barker, Fiona; O'Toole, Joanne Elizabeth; Cheng, Allen; Forbes, Andrew Benjamin; Sinclair, Martha Irvine; Leder, Karin

doi:10.1111/tmi.13080

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(134 reference statements)

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“…HWWS and TBFT are recognised globally as highly effective hygiene activities preventing infectious diseases and tooth decay; both activities are able to deliver positive health benefits when practiced in schools (Monse et al 2010;Duijster et al 2017;McGuinness et al 2018). Yet, this study did not show an impact of school-based HWWS and TBFT on proxy measures of children's independent hygiene habits outside of organised group activities at school, as no significant differences in soap use to toilet event ratio and dental plaque were found between intervention and control schools.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme on children’s independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits: a cluster-randomised trial

Duijster

Buxton²,

Benzian

et al. 2020

Int J Public Health

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Objectives To explore whether a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme, which includes group hygiene activities, contributes to the formation of independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits among Filipino children. Methods In this cluster-randomised trial, twenty primary schools were randomly allocated to the intervention or control arm. Intervention schools received group handwashing facilities and implemented daily group handwashing and toothbrushing activities. A soap use to toilet event ratio was calculated to measure children’s independent handwashing behaviour after toilet use, and dental plaque accumulation on Monday morning was measured as a proxy indicator for children’s independent toothbrushing behaviour at home. Results Four months after implementation, handwashing and toothbrushing behaviours did not significantly differ between intervention and control schools. The mean soap use in intervention schools and control schools was 0.41 g and 0.30 g per toilet event, respectively (p = 0.637). Compared to baseline, mean plaque scores reduced by 4.2% and 3.5% in intervention and control schools, respectively (p = 0.857). Conclusions Although health benefits have been established, school-based group handwashing and toothbrushing may not be sufficient to increase children’s uptake of independent hygiene behaviours.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme on children’s independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits: a cluster-randomised trial

Duijster

Buxton²,

Benzian

et al. 2020

Int J Public Health

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“…As a result, many of the least developed countries bear the highest brunt of disabilities and deaths that are related to many communicable diseases which could be averted by effective sanitation and hygiene program. Gastrointestinal and respiratory infections are disproportionately affecting such countries [4,5], and pandemic diseases such as coronavirus (COVID- 19), which can be prevented by effective hand hygiene, are a threat to people who are living in resource-limited countries including Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability and factors influencing community level handwashing facility in Ethiopia: Implication for prevention of infectious diseases

Odo

Mekonnen

2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Handwashing is one of the most effective ways to prevent transmission of infectious diseases. A substantial body of research has examined the status and determinants of handwashing facilities in healthcare settings and schools. However, its status at home in the community, especially in developing countries, remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the availability and factors influencing basic handwashing facilities at households in Ethiopia. Method We analysed the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. EDHS employed a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. Data were collected from the lowest administrative unit (kebele). A multivariable logistic regression model that allowed cluster-level random effects was employed to examine factors that affect the availability of basic handwashing facilities (water plus soap) at households. Estimates from the regression model are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level to account for a sampling methodology. Results In our sample, only 1292 (8% [95% CI, 7.6%–8.4%]) of the households had basic handwashing facilities. Compared with head of household who had no formal education, the odds of having basic handwashing facilities was higher among head of household who completed secondary level of education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.35–2.49) and higher level of education (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.63–3.39). Odds of having basic handwashing facilities was increased with having radio (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.10–1.63) and television (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.10–2.02) at home. Households that had improved latrine were two times more likely to have basic handwashing facilities (AOR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.56–2.80). Being at higher household wealth quintiles was associated with increased odds of having basic handwashing facilities. Conclusion Very low basic handwashing facilities was demonstrated by this study, whereas, awareness and socio-economic related factors were identified as a determinants for its availability in the household. Greater efforts are needed to increase the coverage of community-level handwashing facilities.

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“…Proper hand hygiene is estimated to reduce diarrheal disease by about 30% (Wolf et al, 2018) and also reduces rates of acute respiratory infection, eye infections, and school absenteeism (McGuinness et al, 2018;Nicholson et al, 2014). However, it has proven difficult to increase rates of handwashing with soap at scale: only about 19% of people worldwide wash their hands with soap at critical times (such as before preparing or eating food, or after defecation) (Freeman et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Two Complementary Mass-Scale Media Interventions on Handwashing with Soap among Mothers

Tidwell¹,

Gopalakrishnan

Lovelady

et al. 2019

Journal of Health Communication

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Poor handwashing behavior is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. We evaluated two complementary mass-scale media interventions targeting mothers to increase the frequency of handwashing with soap; one using TV advertising, and the other mobile phone messaging. Television Commercials (TVCs): Mothers of 4-12 year-old children (n = 756) were randomly allocated among four arms: Three different branded TVCs and a fourth, control TVC unrelated to handwashing. TVCs were embedded in blocks of unrelated commercials and shown once a week over four weeks in participants' own homes. Mobile messages: New mothers (n = 598) and mothers of 4-7 year-old children (n = 501) were enrolled in a treatment or control arm. Mothers in the treatment arm received branded mobile phone messages twice weekly for 8 weeks (new mothers) or 4 weeks (mothers of 4-7 year-olds). For TVCs, there were higher rates of handwashing with soap at key occasions in the first (RR: 1.33, p = .002) and second (RR: 1.26, p = .041) of three treatment arms, or 0.4 additional handwashes with soap on key occasions daily. In the mobile study, new mothers (adj-RR: 1.04, p = .035) and general mothers (RR: 1.07, p = .007) receiving the intervention were more likely to wash their hands with soap on key occasions than those in the control group, corresponding to 1.3 and 1.0 more occasions daily. These interventions were associated with significantly greater handwashing with soap, consistent with the hypothesis that branded mass communications can impact habitual lifestyle behaviors relevant to public health.

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Effect of hygiene interventions on acute respiratory infections in childcare, school and domestic settings in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme on children’s independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits: a cluster-randomised trial

Impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme on children’s independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits: a cluster-randomised trial

Availability and factors influencing community level handwashing facility in Ethiopia: Implication for prevention of infectious diseases

Effect of Two Complementary Mass-Scale Media Interventions on Handwashing with Soap among Mothers

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