Effect of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Adrenal Cortical Response to Stress in the Rat

McCANN, S. M.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1953.175.1.13

Cited by 103 publications

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“…The lowest dose activate the adrenal for a longer period while in the other two doses the adrenal cortex shows increased activity that alters with the normal level of activity. It is generally believed that reduction in the adrenocortical ascorbic acid content (activation of the cortex) indicates activation of the adeno hypophyseal ACTH cells for releasing ACTH (see Harris et al 1952, McCann 1953, Porter 1953, 1954, George and Way 1957. In Calotes two parameters namely, ascorbic acid concentration and the average nuclear volume of the cortical cells have been used to assess the adrenocortical hyper-or hypo-activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of single sub-lethal doses of barbital sodium on the adrenal glands of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor: Histomorphic and histochemical investigations.

Banerjee

1981

CYTOLOGIA

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Literature dealing with the effect of barbiturates on the adrenal medulla are scanty and there is no report on the effect of barbiturate on the noradrenaline content of the medulla. Observations on the effect of barbiturate on adrenal cortex differ. Pentobarbital is reported to cause depletion of adrenocortical ascorbic acid in rats (Ronzoni 1950). Leonard (1966) has shown that adrenocortical function is depressed in barbitone dependent rats and that there is a large increase in the concentrations of plasma corticosteroids when the barbiturate is withdrawn. Norton (1971) has observed that stress-induced increases in the levels of corticosteroids are inhibited in barbitone dependent rats. Recently, Singh et al. (1975) have observed that pento barbital significantly decreases the plasma cortisol in intact rabbits. All the previous observations on the topic concerned is based upon experiments involving only mammalian specimens. Thus our knowledge of the effect of this pharmacodynamic agent on the adrenals of the various vertebrate groups is incomplete. The present investigation deals with our observations on the histochemical changes in the adrenal medulla and histomorphic as well as histochemical changes in the adrenal cortex of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor following treatment with single sub-lethal doses of barbital sodium. Material and methodsFreshly collected adult males C. versicolor (20-25g) were acclimated to labora tory conditions for 3 days by keeping them in suitable cages. Acclimation of the lizards was done at room temperature under natural light and darkness and sub jecting them to daily forced feeding and drinking (50-60mg liver pieces and 0.25ml tap water). These practices were continued throughout the entire period of experi ment in order to check the possible effects of temperature, light and darkness, and hunger and thirst on the lizards. Lizards were divided into 4 groups. Each individual of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups received an intraperitoneal injection of barbital sodium (Sodium 5, 5-diethylbarbiturate, E. Merck) of 0.3, 1.0 and 5.0mg/ lizard respectively in 0.2ml of distilled water. Each individual of the 4th group, used as control, received the same volume of distilled water. At least 6 lizards from each group were sacrificed after a lapse of 4hr and 1, 3, 5, 7, 15 and 30 days respec tively. Lizards were sacrificed at these various intervals to study also the recovery

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of single sub-lethal doses of barbital sodium on the adrenal glands of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor: Histomorphic and histochemical investigations.

Banerjee

1981

CYTOLOGIA

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“…Some support for this assumption might be derived from the known suppressive effects of chlorpromazine upon the hypothalamus (9), from the moderately selective accumulation of chlorpromazine in hypothalamic structures (10), and from the knowledge that experimental damage to certain hypothalamic nuclei may result in inhibition of ACTH release in response to a stimulus (4)(5)(6)(7). However, such a chain of reasoning must be viewed as entirely speculative, and it should be realized that the data presented in this report, which might be construed as supporting such a concept, constitute only indirect and circumstantial evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particular attention has been devoted to the effects of hypothalamic stimulation or injury upon pituitary ACTH release and adrenal cortical response. The work of deGroot and Harris (4), Hume and Wittenstein (5), Porter (6), McCann (7), and many others has indicated the importance of hypothalamic integrity in the normal release of adrenocorticotropin from the pituitary in response to a stimulus.…”

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confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Chlorpromazine upon the Adrenal Cortical Response to Insulin Hypoglycemia in Man1

Christy¹,

Longson²,

Horwitz³

et al. 1957

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…CRF is probably the major ACTH secretagogue, but administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) also stimulates the release of ACTH (3,4). Vasopressin-stimulated release of ACTH or cortisol has been described in man (5), in rats with hypothalamic lesions (6), in rats in which the pituitary has been transplanted to the kidney capsule (7), in isolated pituitaries in organ culture (8), and in dispersed anterior pituitary cells (9). It is unclear whether vasopressin has a physiological role in the regulation of ACTH secretion (10, 1 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

Vasopressin stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) in humans. In vivo bioassay of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which provides evidence for CRF mediation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH.

Salata¹,

Jarrett²,

Verbalis³

et al. 1988

J. Clin. Invest.

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The diurnal response of ACTH release to intravenously administered arginine vasopressin was tested in normal volunteers given consecutively moderate doses of vasopressin every 15 min (0.1, 03, 1.0, and 3.0 IU) at 2200 h and again at 0700 h (PM/AM). This protocol was repeated 4 wk later with the times reversed (AM/PM). A dose-related increase in ACIH secretion was observed in all subjects. When the AM response of the AM/PM protocol was compared with the PM response of the PM/AM protocol, the release of ACTH was greater in the morning (P < 0.05) as evaluated by the following criteria: peak value of ACTH (129.9±30.4 pg/ml in the AM vs. 57.1±20.2 in the PM), area under the curve (689 in the AM vs.259 in the PM); and, sensitivity of the ACTH dose-response curve (first significant increase in ACTH with 1 IU of vasopressin in the AM but not significant even after 3 IU in the PM). In addition, when the AM vasopressin testing followed a previous evening stimulation (PM/AM protocol), there was a blunted ACTH response compared with the AM/PM protocol.Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is probably the major ACTH secretagogue, but since vasopressin acts synergistically with CRF to produce an augmented release of ACTH, we suggest that the ACTH response to administered vasopressin depends upon the ambient endogenous level of CRF. We interpret our data and published data that CRF produces a lesser release of ACTH in the AM as follows: in the morning endogenous CRF is high and administered CRF produces little further release of ACTH, but administered vasopressin acting synergistically with high endogenous CRF causes a greater release of ACTH; conversely, in the evening endogenous CRF is low and administered CRF causes a greater release of ACHI, but vasopressin (a weak secretagogue by itself) gives a low ACTH response. We conclude that vasopressin stimulation of ACTH secretion can be used as an in vivo bioassay of endogenous CRF, and that there is a diurnal rhythm of CRF in hypophyseal portal blood.

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Effect of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Adrenal Cortical Response to Stress in the Rat

Cited by 103 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of single sub-lethal doses of barbital sodium on the adrenal glands of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor: Histomorphic and histochemical investigations.

Effect of single sub-lethal doses of barbital sodium on the adrenal glands of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor: Histomorphic and histochemical investigations.

Inhibitory Effect of Chlorpromazine upon the Adrenal Cortical Response to Insulin Hypoglycemia in Man1

Vasopressin stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) in humans. In vivo bioassay of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which provides evidence for CRF mediation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH.

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