Effect of immunization route on mucosal and systemic immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Systemic and mucosal immune response of rainbow trout to immunization with an attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum vaccine strain by different routes

“…The lack of IgM in the intestinal mucus could also be due to the strong proteolytic environment in the gut mucus [39] which could degrade the secreted Igs. Valdenegro-Vega et al [34] too reported higher antibody response in serum and skin mucus in IP immunized Atlantic salmon and not in fish immunized by anal intubation and immersion routes with dinitrophenol and fluorescein isothiocyanate each conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Although it is reported that IgM is produced locally at the mucosal surfaces [40], stimulation of the mucosal surface by bath immunization did not elicit a significant increase in IgM secretion in mucus while IP immunization resulted in increase in gill and skin mucus IgM.…”

“…The skin mucus was collected following the method of Valdenegro-Vega et al [34] with minor modifications. The fish was placed inside a polythene bag containing 0.5 mL of PBS and protease inhibitor cocktail and rubbed gently.…”

Adaptive immune responses at mucosal surfaces of teleost fish

“…In mammals, ip injection has also been claimed as a suitable priming route prior to oral vaccination [17]. In fish, ip injection can induce a certain degree of mucosal responses [18]. Immersion vaccination of fish, on the other hand, leads to uptake by the skin, the gills and the gut (after drinking) [19], subsequently inducing local responses.…”

Effects of single and repeated infections with Neoparamoeba perurans on antibody levels and immune gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

“…Perfusion of the organs was performed with heparinised 0.9% physiological saline (Baxter, Deerfield, IL, USA) via puncture of the bulbous arteriosus as previously specified [35] to remove any remaining blood, until the gills were white. The gill basket was carefully removed and four hemibranchs were placed into 20 mL mucus buffer for 3e4 h until sampling was finished.…”

“…The coating antigen was sonicated N. perurans, collected and harvested as described in section 2.1.1. A single point dilution ELISA was run for samples (in duplicate), optimizing coating antigen and sample concentrations as previously described [35]. Optimum concentration for amoebic antigen was 4.8 mg/mL, with serum/plasma optimum dilution set at 1:200 and mucus at 1:2.…”