Effect of in situ modification of bacterial cellulose with carboxymethylcellulose on its nano/microstructure and methotrexate release properties

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose/carboxymethylcelullose (BC/CMC) biocomposites with different DS-CMC (DS from 0.7 to 1.2) were developed in order to evaluate their impact as a drug delivery system. Biocomposites were loaded with methotrexate (MTX) as an alternative for the topical treatment of psoriasis. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the CMC coated the cellulose nanofibers, leading to the decrease of the elastic modulus as the DS of CMC increased. BC/CMC0.9 exhibited the lower liquid uptake (up to 11 times lower), suggesting that the more linear structure of the intermediate substitute CMC grade (0.9) was able to interact more strongly with BC, resulting in a denser structure. All samples showed a typical burst release effect in the first 15min of test, however the BC/CMC0.9 biocomposite promoted a slight lowering of MTX release rates, suggesting that the DS of CMC can be considered the key factor to modulate the BC properties.

Improved Cell Viability and Biocompatibility of Bacterial Cellulose through in Situ Carboxymethylation

“…Moreover, compared to BC (average pore diameter: surface 1.18 ± 0.26 µm & surface' 0.32 ± 0.11 µm), the fiber density of CMBC was significantly higher, the structure presenting comparatively fewer network voids (average pore diameter: surface 0.72 ± 0.19 µm & surface' 0.07 ± 0.03 µm) (Figure ). This result agrees with those of previous reports, in which the in situ introduction of a carboxymethyl group led to the formation of a denser structure . Cheng et al.…”

“…Each cellulose membrane showed similar peak patterns, mainly including peaks at ≈3350 cm −1 (attributed to hydroxyl stretch), ≈2950 cm −1 (attributed to methylene stretch), and bands in the range of 1200–900 cm −1 (related to CO and CC stretching vibrations in glycosidic bonds and pyranoid rings) (Figure and Figure S1, Supporting Information). This suggests that all the membranes were similar in structure, and the introduction of the carboxymethyl group did not affect the polysaccharide chain . However, compared to the BC, CMBC showed a new peak at around 1590 cm −1 , which corresponds to the carboxyl group .…”

“…Diethylene‐triamine BC and amidoximated BC were found to have a good adsorption capacity for Cu (II) and Pb (II) . Additionally, it was also been reported that the introduction of a carboxymethyl group could change the network structure, mechanical strength, and crystallinity of BC, as well as strengthen its liquid uptake capacity …”

Bacterial Cellulose as a Raw Material for Food and Food Packaging Applications

“…The impregnation process, on the other hand, resulted in aggregates which remarkably impaired the tensile properties of the films. Fontes et al (2018) produced BC mats modified in situ with CMC. The presence of CMC increased the viscosity of the culture medium, affecting the biosynthesis of BC, and also reduced the porosity of the resulting materials.…”

Bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel for wound healing: characterization and in vitro evaluation

“…6 (B-E) exhibit BCbased hydrogel (Nexfill ® Hydrogel) with BC nanofibers clearly and well dispersed on its surface. These results suggest that the hydrogel could keep the characteristic properties of pristine BC films in its composition (8,32).…”