Effect of increasing heart rate on finger photoplethysmography fitness index (PPGF) in subjects with implanted cardiac pacemakers

Aminuddin, Amilia; Tan, Isabella; Butlin, Mark; Avolio, Alberto; Kiat, Hosen; Barin, Edward; Nordin, Nor Azlin Mohd; Chellappan, Kalaivani

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207301

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…There are other inflammatory mediators that can be assessed such as IL-6 and TNF- α . On the other hand, there are other available methods to assess arterial stiffness such as augmentation index and finger photoplethysmography fitness index (PPGF) [ 55 – 57 ]. However, in this review, we only focus on cfPWV and baPWV since both methods have been found to be associated with future CVD as mentioned earlier [ 9 , 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Association between Inflammation and Pulse Wave Velocity in Dyslipidemia: An Evidence-Based Review

Aminuddin

Lazim

Hamid

et al. 2020

Mediators of Inflammation

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Dyslipidemia is associated with increased arterial stiffness (AS) which may lead to hypertension. Among the methods to assess AS are carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Dyslipidemia is also known to trigger inflammation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the commonest inflammatory markers measured in the clinical setting. However, the association between inflammation and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in people with dyslipidemia is less studied. Therefore, this review investigated the association between inflammation (as measured by CRP) and PWV in dyslipidemia patients. The search of the literature was conducted via PubMed and Scopus database. The keywords used were “aortic stiffness” OR “arterial stiffness” OR “pulse wave velocity” OR “vascular stiffness” OR “carotid femoral pulse wave velocity” OR “pulse wave analysis” AND “inflammation” OR “c reactive protein” OR “c-reactive protein” OR “high sensitivity c reactive protein” AND “dyslipidemia” OR “hyperlipidemia” OR “hypercholesterolemia” OR “hyperlipoproteinemia” OR “hypertriglyceridemia”. The following criteria were used: (1) only full-length original articles published in English language, (2) articles that reported the association between arterial stiffness measured as carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) or brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) and CRP or high-sensitivity CRP, and (3) study involving human subjects. The search identified 957 articles published between 1980 and February 2020. Only eight articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were used for data extraction. Five of the studies were cross-sectional studies while another three studies were interventional studies. Seven out of eight papers found a significant positive association between AS and CRP, and the correlation ranged from mild to moderate association (Pearson r=0.33 to r=0.624). In conclusion, inflammation is associated with increased PWV in patients with dyslipidemia. This supports the involvement of inflammation in the development of AS in dyslipidemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mediators of Inflammation [55][56][57]. However, in this review, we only focus on cfPWV and baPWV since both methods have been found to be associated with future CVD as mentioned earlier [9,12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Inflammation and Pulse Wave Velocity in Dyslipidemia: An Evidence-Based Review

Aminuddin

Lazim

Hamid

et al. 2020

Mediators of Inflammation

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“…The PPGF index was derived from an AC component of the PPG morphological changes and compared with a 19-year-old healthy reference (gender-specific) who was identified from the population. The details of the formula could be found in the previous study ( Aminuddin et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PPG measures blood volume changes in the peripheral arterial bed via optical techniques in accordance with the contraction and relaxation of the heart. PPG values are affected by several parameters, such as arterial stiffness, resistance, pressure, and blood viscosity ( Aminuddin et al, 2018 ). There are several PPG indexes that have been introduced for the assessment of vascular function, such as stiffness index, reflection index, aging index, and second derivative of PPG ( Allen, 2007 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of pedometer-based exercise on central and peripheral vascular functions among young sedentary men with CVD risk factors

et al. 2023

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Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Malaysia and worldwide. This is mainly due to an increase in the prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity. Increased physical activity has been recommended as a modality to improve CVD risk. Pulse wave velocity (PWVCF), augmentation index (AI), and finger photoplethysmography fitness (PPGF) index have been introduced to assess the vascular functions related to CVD risk factors. The effects of long-term exercise on PPGF index are not established.Materials and Methods: A total of 70 young men who were sedentary with two or more cardiovascular risk factors were recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) (n = 34; no change in walking) and pedometer group (PG) (n = 36; minimum target: 8,000 steps/day). PWVCF and AI were measured via the Vicorder system. The PPGF index was obtained via the finger photoplethysmography method. All parameters were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks.Results: After intervention, the PG had significant increased step count from 4,996 ± 805 to 10,128 ± 511 steps/day (p < 0.001). The PG showed significant improvement in anthropometric variables, lipid, PWVCF, AI, and PPGF index (time and group effect p < 0.001). No changes were observed in CG.Conclusion: This signifies that pedometer-based walking program is beneficial in improving markers of vascular functions among young working sedentary men with CVD risk factors. Pedometer-based exercise should be encouraged to improve cardiovascular health.

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“…The effects of HR towards PPG markers are still inconclusive. Because PPG markers had an association with arterial stiffness, it is speculated that HR may affect PPG markers [45]. The variation of the HR may influence the result of vascular markers and affect cardiovascular risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review

Lazim

Aminuddin

Chellappan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Finger photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform is blood volume change of finger microcirculation that reflects vascular function. Reflection index (RI), stiffness index (SI) and second derivative of photoplethysmogram (SDPPG) are derived from PPG waveforms proposed as cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Heart rate (HR) is a known factor that affects vascular function. Individual resting HR variation may affect RI, SI and SDPPG. This review aims to identify studies about the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG among humans. A literature search was conducted in Medline via the Ebscohost and Scopus databases to find relevant articles published within 11 years. The main inclusion criteria were articles in the English language that discuss the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG using PPG among humans. The search found 1960 relevant articles but only six articles that met the inclusion criteria. SI and RI showed an association with HR. SDPPG (SDPPG-b/SDPPG-a ratio, SDPPG-d/SDPPG-a ratio, aging index (AGI) and revised aging index (RAGI)) also had an association with HR. Only RI had a considerable association with HR, the association between SI and HR was non-considerable and the association between HR and SDPPG was inconclusive. Further interventional studies should be conducted to investigate this issue, as a variation in resting HR may challenge the validity of PPG-based CVD markers.

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Effect of increasing heart rate on finger photoplethysmography fitness index (PPGF) in subjects with implanted cardiac pacemakers

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

The Association between Inflammation and Pulse Wave Velocity in Dyslipidemia: An Evidence-Based Review

The Association between Inflammation and Pulse Wave Velocity in Dyslipidemia: An Evidence-Based Review

The effects of pedometer-based exercise on central and peripheral vascular functions among young sedentary men with CVD risk factors

Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review

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