Effect of increasing work rate on metabolic responses of the donkey (Equus asinus)

Mueller, Patrick; Jones, Margaret; Rawson, Richard E.; Soest, P.J. Van; Hintz, H. F.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1431

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…At the highest tread speed in this study the average metabolic scope was 6:1 for camels and 5:1 for donkeys. The metabolic scopes recorded in this study indicated a moderate level of energy expenditure when compared to maximum metabolic scopes of 32:1 and 22:1 in camels and donkeys, respectively Mueller et al, 1994). These findings in combination with the low COT tot and COT net recorded in this study verify economic energy expenditure in camels and donkeys at moderate speeds of locomotion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Each animal's locomotory performance reflects important aspects of its physiological, morphological and behavioural characteristics (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1972;Taylor et al, 1982;Dickinson et al, 2000;Rubenson et al, 2007). Camels are capable of long treks at fast speeds (32 km at 6 m s À1 ) with no signs of fatigue and donkeys are noted for their ability to perform strenuous work (Yousef et al, 1972;Mueller et al, 1994). Metabolic scope, the ratio of peak metabolic rate ( _ VO 2 max ) to resting _ VO 2 , is about 10:1 for most mammals (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy expenditure during level locomotion in large desert ungulates: the one‐humped camel and the domestic donkey

2009

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This study sought to quantify the rate of energy expenditure ( _ VO 2 ), the total cost of transport (COT tot ) and the net cost of transport (COT net ) in camels Camelus dromedaries and donkeys Equus asinus during level locomotion. _ VO 2 of camels and domestic donkeys were measured at exercise speeds between 0 and 4.17 m s À1 . Resting _ VO 2 for camels was significantly (Po0.05) lower than predicted, while donkeys exhibited resting values similar to mammals of the same body mass. In both camels and donkeys _ VO 2 increased in a nearly linear fashion over the range of exercise speeds. The minimum COT tot of camels in the walking and pacing gaits were not significantly different (P= 0.27). Similarly, donkeys exhibited no significant difference (P = 0.09) in the minimum COT tot while walking and trotting. In both camels and donkeys, the minimum COT tot was significantly (Po0.05) lower than the predicted COT tot for mammals of the same body mass. The COT net in both camels and donkeys was determined to be gait dependent and significantly (Po0.05) lower than the predicted minimum COT net values for walking and running. The low COT seen in camels and donkeys results in energy and water savings. IntoductionThe one-humped camel Camelus dromedarius and domesticated donkey Equus asinus are large desert-adapted ungulates of great economic importance to nomadic inhabitants of hot arid regions in Africa and the Middle East. While camels have proven to be remarkably suited for transporting loads long distances, slow-footed donkeys have demonstrated an outstanding capacity to carry loads in mountainous terrain. For desert-adapted species, selective pressures should favour locomotory adaptations that lower energy expenditure and reduce water loss. Therefore, we thought it would be of interest to determine the effect that locomotion has on energy expenditure ( _ VO 2 ) in exercising camels and donkeys.Working camels and donkeys are often required to move at a range of slow to moderate speeds not of their choosing. However, when migrating, wild African ungulates choose to move at a narrow range of speeds near the mid-range within each gait (Pennycuick, 1975). At this preferred range of speeds, the energetic cost of transport (COT), the energy (J) required to move a unit of body mass (kg) a given distance (m), is minimized in some species (Hoyt & Taylor, 1981;Alexander, 1989;Langman et al., 1995;Griffin et al., 2004). The COT can be calculated as the total cost of transport (COT tot ) or the net cost of transport (COT net ) depending on the level of analyses. The COT tot reports how much total energy is expended for locomotion, while the COT net provides an estimate of the energy required by active muscles during locomotion above that required for standing quietly. We sought to determine whether economy in energy expenditure and muscle performance existed in large desert-adapted ungulates while exercising at a wide range of speeds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy expenditure during level locomotion in large desert ungulates: the one‐humped camel and the domestic donkey

2009

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“…Although we acknowledge the dangers of extrapolation, using the second-order polynomial equation relating EE tot to walking speed (R 2 0.88; Fig.2), we estimate that it would require a 26-fold increase EE tot above rest (Table1) for the Asian elephants reported here to walk at 6.8ms -1 . The estimated increase in EE tot in fast-walking elephants is comparable to near-maximum increases in energy expenditure recorded in donkeys and camels of 22-and 32-fold, respectively (Evans et al, 1994;Mueller et al, 1994).…”

Section: Optimum Walking Speed In Asian Elephantssupporting

confidence: 57%

Minimum cost of transport in Asian elephants: do we really need a bigger elephant?

Langman

Rowe

Roberts

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYBody mass is the primary determinant of an animalʼs energy requirements. At their optimum walking speed, large animals have lower mass-specific energy requirements for locomotion than small ones. In animals ranging in size from 0.8g (roach) to 260kg (zebu steer), the minimum cost of transport (COT min ) decreases with increasing body size roughly as COT min ϰbody mass (M b ) -0.316±0.023 (95% CI). Typically, the variation of COT min with body mass is weaker at the intraspecific level as a result of physiological and geometric similarity within closely related species. The interspecific relationship estimates that an adult elephant, with twice the body mass of a mid-sized elephant, should be able to move its body approximately 23% cheaper than the smaller elephant. We sought to determine whether adult Asian and sub-adult African elephants follow a single quasi-intraspecific relationship, and extend the interspecific relationship between COT min and body mass to 12-fold larger animals. Physiological and possibly geometric similarity between adult Asian elephants and sub-adult African elephants caused body mass to have a no effect on COT min (COT min ϰM b 0.007±0.455). The COT min in elephants occurred at walking speeds between 1.3 and ~1.5ms . The quasi-intraspecific relationship between body mass and COT min among elephants caused the interspecific relationship to underestimate COT min in larger elephants.

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“…Blood samples were taken as part of full clinical assessment to ensure that the donkeys were fit for rehoming. To exclude stress effects on the measured parameters, heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse and rectal temperature were measured before the blood collection (Mueller et al, 1994). Two blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein of the examined donkeys into 2 ml EDTA vacutainer tubes for haematological analysis and 10 ml plain vacutainers tubes for serum biochemical analysis.…”

Section: Animals and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Clinically Healthy Hassawi Donkey

Shawaf¹

2017

AJVS

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Key words: Donkey, Hassawi, blood, haematology, serumThe Hassawi donkey breed represents one of the most common native donkey breeds in the Middle East taking its name from the Al-Hasa region in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Due to the lack of information about the main haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Hassawi donkey breed, this study aimed at the determination of reference base-line values regarding haematological and biochemical parameters. Four physiological, sixteen haematological and twenty biochemical parameters were determined. In comparison to other donkey breeds, Hassawi donkey showed higher percentage of eosinophils 17.62 ± 1.92%, higher concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) 185.6 ± 6.55 IU/L, phosphorus (PHOS) 4.40 ± 0.21 mmol/l, magnesium (MG) 2.48 ± 0.08 mmol/l, calcium (Ca) 12.4 ± 0.09 mmol/l, Sodium (Na) 133.1 ± 0.39 mmol/l and potassium (K) 4.77 ± 0.1mmol/l, but lower concentration of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 31 ± 2.78 IU/l. The higher glucose (GLU) 80.82 ± 4.67 mg/dl values in the present study may be due to the date rich feeding of Hassawi donkey.

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Effect of increasing work rate on metabolic responses of the donkey (Equus asinus)

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Energy expenditure during level locomotion in large desert ungulates: the one‐humped camel and the domestic donkey

Energy expenditure during level locomotion in large desert ungulates: the one‐humped camel and the domestic donkey

Minimum cost of transport in Asian elephants: do we really need a bigger elephant?

Some Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Apparently Clinically Healthy Hassawi Donkey

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