Effect of induced hindlimb length difference on body-mounted inertial sensor measures used to evaluate hindlimb lameness in horses

Pitts, Jael B.; Kramer, Joanne; Reed, Shannon K.; Schiltz, Paul; Thombs, Lori A.; Keegan, Kevin G.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228872

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Mechanical and conformational abnormalities can also induce asymmetric gait patterns [10,11]. If it is assumed that the gait asymmetries are pain-related, then an exacerbation might be expected after completion of a highly intense exercise such as the cross-country test, while conformational asymmetries resulting from biological variation or mechanical restrictions would be expected to remain unchanged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quantitative Gait Analysis Before and After a Cross-country Test in a Population of Elite Eventing Horses

Scheidegger

Gerber

Dolf

et al. 2022

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these results must be interpreted with caution. Asymmetric gait patterns can be related to a pain-related lameness, but may also be due to non-painful conditions such as mechanical abnormalities or anatomical variations [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Gait Analysis Before and After a Cross-country Test in a Population of Elite Eventing Horses

Scheidegger

Gerber

Dolf

et al. 2022

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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“…Horses with primary forelimb lameness have a tendency to weight-shift onto the contralateral hindlimb during the weight bearing phase of the stride, leading to decreased push-off from the contralateral hindlimb and ultimately resulting in alterations in the PD max and PD min on BMIS evaluation. 29 Additionally, provision of analgesia in one limb of multi-limb lamenesses may lead to lower degree of gait asymmetry as detected by BMIS due to alteration of movement patterns and reduction of compensatory lameness. 28 There was substantial inter-horse variation for all BMIS variables, as evidenced by the large interquartile ranges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in adult horses with naturally occurring chronic lameness

Mercer

Davis

McKenzie

et al. 2023

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundAcetaminophen is used clinically in horses with musculoskeletal pain; however, no studies have been performed in horses with chronic lameness.ObjectivesTo determine the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of chronic dosing of acetaminophen in horses with naturally occurring chronic lameness.Study designLongitudinal.MethodsTwelve adult horses with chronic lameness were treated with acetaminophen (30 mg/kg PO) every 12 h for 21 days. Plasma concentrations of acetaminophen were analysed on days 7 and 21 via LC–MS/MS and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Lameness was evaluated by body‐mounted inertial sensor (BMIS) and 10‐point subjective lameness score on day 21 and compared to untreated baseline evaluation on day 35. Clinicopathological analysis (n = 12), hepatic biopsy (n = 6) and gastroscopy (n = 6) were evaluated on days −1 and 22.ResultsMaximum plasma acetaminophen concentration (Cmax) was 20.83 ± 10.25 μg/mL at time (Tmax) 0.40 ± 0.22 h on day 7. The Cmax on day 21 was 17.33 ± 6.91 μg/mL with a Tmax of 0.67 ± 0.26 h. Subjective lameness scores significantly improved at 2 and 4 h post‐treatment; Significant percent improvement was detected in PDmax for horses with hindlimb lameness at 1, 2 and 8 h post‐treatment. There were no significant differences in gastroscopy or hepatic biopsy scores between days −1 and 22.Main limitationsSmall sample size, multi‐limb lameness of varying severity and aetiology, lack of intermediary lameness evaluation.ConclusionsIn horses with naturally occurring chronic lameness, acetaminophen at 30 mg/kg produced a transient improvement in subjective lameness and BMIS evaluation. Acetaminophen may not be effective as a monotherapy. Acetaminophen was safe following 21 days of 30 mg/kg PO every 12 h, with no evidence of clinically significant changes in clinicopathological analysis, hepatic biopsy or gastric ulceration scores.

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Objective movement asymmetry in horses is comparable between markerless technology and sensor‐based systems

Kallerud,

Marques‐Smith,

Bendiksen

et al. 2024

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundA markerless artificial intelligence (AI) system for lameness detection has recently become available but has not been extensively compared with commonly used inertial measurement unit (IMU) systems for detecting asymmetry under field conditions.ObjectiveComparison of classification of asymmetric limbs under field conditions and comparison of normalised asymmetry data using a markerless AI system (SleipAI; recorded on a tripod mounted iPhone 14pro [SL]); the Equinosis Q Lameness Locator (LL); the EquiMoves (EM); and subjective evaluation (SE).Study designDescriptive clinical study.MethodsStraight line trot data were collected from 52 client‐owned horses in regular training. Limbs were categorised as symmetric or asymmetric. Number of analysed strides were compared with Wilcoxon's each pairs test. Inter‐rater reliability in classification of asymmetric limbs was assessed with Light's Kappa. Bland Altman analysis of normalised asymmetry data was performed.ResultsData from 41 horses were included. Most horses showed mild asymmetry. The EM analysed significantly more strides than the other systems, both for forelimbs and for hindlimbs (53 ± 11 strides for both, respectively; p < 0.006). The LL analysed significantly more hindlimbs strides (45 ± 13) than the SL (27 ± 6; p < 0.001). Moderate inter‐rater agreement for asymmetry classification was found between systems (k = 0.59 forelimbs; 0.44 hindlimbs); agreement decreased when including the SE. For the normalised asymmetry data, the strongest agreement was found between the two IMU systems.Main limitationsHorses were assessed during straight‐line trot only.ConclusionsThe objective systems were comparable in classification of asymmetric limbs under field conditions when using defined asymmetry thresholds. Discrepancies stemmed largely from the imposed thresholds (i.e., systems largely identified same‐side asymmetry). Overall, the strongest agreement was found between LL and EM. The SL analysed significantly fewer hindlimb strides than the LL and EM which could represent a limitation of the Sleip AI.

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Effect of induced hindlimb length difference on body-mounted inertial sensor measures used to evaluate hindlimb lameness in horses

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Quantitative Gait Analysis Before and After a Cross-country Test in a Population of Elite Eventing Horses

Quantitative Gait Analysis Before and After a Cross-country Test in a Population of Elite Eventing Horses

Pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in adult horses with naturally occurring chronic lameness

Objective movement asymmetry in horses is comparable between markerless technology and sensor‐based systems

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