Effect of Infant Feeding on the Risk of Obesity Across the Life Course: A Quantitative Review of Published Evidence

Owen, Christopher G.; Martin, Richard M; Whincup, Peter H.; Smith, George Davey; Cook, Derek G

doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1176

Cited by 962 publications

(783 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Finally, compared with being bottle-fed, being breast-fed was associated with slightly lower levels of weight gain and obesity (50) . The epidemiological evidence was found to be substantial and generally consistent (55,56) . The review did not address whether consumption of fast foods, intake of non-caloric sweeteners and breast-feeding influenced inflammation concomitantly with BMI.…”

Section: Nutrients and Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Aetiological factors behind adipose tissue inflammation: an unexplored research area

Scholten

Andresen

Sørensen

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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AbstractObjectiveDespite extensive research into the biological mechanisms behind obesity-related inflammation, knowledge of environmental and genetic factors triggering such mechanisms is limited. In the present narrative review we present potential determinants of adipose tissue inflammation and suggest ways ahead for future research in the field.DesignWe searched the literature for potential determinants of obesity with inflammation through MEDLINE by applying the MeSH headings ‘obesity’ and ‘inflammation’ in combination with specific terms for a series of environmental and genetic factors.ResultsNumerous articles reported on the association between environmental or genetic factors and respectively obesity and inflammation, whereas only a few studies assessed obesity and inflammation as a combined outcome. Among suggested determinants for obesity with inflammation were Adenovirus-36, the gut microbiota,trans-fatty acids, and the four genesFTO,MC4R,TNF-αandLEPR.ConclusionsWe present a limited number of factors potentially contributing to the development of obesity with inflammation, while concluding that overall the area is indeed sparsely investigated. We present ideas for future studies that can identify relevant aetiological factors. This identification is essential for targeted prevention of obesity with inflammation and the clinical consequences thereof.

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Section: Nutrients and Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Aetiological factors behind adipose tissue inflammation: an unexplored research area

Scholten

Andresen

Sørensen

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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“…96 The critical window for hypernutrition may extend further into postnatal life, as numerous clinical studies, summarized in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, 33,[97][98][99] have shown that rapid weight gain during early infancy is associated with susceptibility to obesity in adulthood. Such rapid weight gain is often associated with formula feeding, and some [100][101][102] but not all 103 observational studies and metaanalyses have found that breast-feeding is protective against obesity in later life. Similarly, studies that have manipulated the composition of formula feeds have shown protective effects of slower growth against later cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence.…”

Section: The 'Early-life Hypernutrition' Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and epigenetic pathways to obesity: an evolutionary-developmental perspective

2008

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Although variation in individual lifestyle and genotype are important factors in explaining individual variation in the risk of developing obesity in an obesogenic environment, there is growing evidence that developmentally plastic processes also contribute. These effects are mediated at least in part through epigenetic processes. These developmental pathways do not directly cause obesity but rather alter the risk of an individual developing obesity later in life. At least two classes of developmental pathway are involved. The mismatch pathway involves the evolved adaptive responses of the developing organism to anticipated future adverse environments, which have maladaptive consequences if the environment is mismatched to that predicted. This pathway can be cued by prenatal undernutrition or stresses that lead the organism to forecast an adverse future environment and change its developmental trajectory accordingly. As a result, individuals develop with central and peripheral changes that increase their sensitivity to an obesogenic environment. It provides a model for how obesity emerges in populations in rapid transition, but also operates in developed countries. There is growing experimental evidence that this pathway can be manipulated by, for example, postnatal leptin exposure. Secondly, maternal diabetes, maternal obesity and infant overfeeding are associated with a greater risk of later obesity. Early life offers a potential point for preventative intervention.

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“…Evidence for the long-term effects of infant nutrition on later health (1) has given impetus to the need to develop methods for assessing the diets of populations of infants. Previous studies in Europe and the USA have mainly used estimated or weighed records to assess diet at around 6 months (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) .…”

Section: Infants Food Frequency Questionnaire Weighed Diary Dietary Imentioning

confidence: 99%

What do babies eat? Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the diets of infants aged 6 months

Marriott

Inskip

Borland

et al. 2008

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To evaluate the relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing nutrient intakes in 6-month-old infants. Design and setting: The FFQ was developed to assess the diets of infants born to women in the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS), a population-based survey of young women and their offspring. The energy and nutrient intakes obtained from an interviewer-administered FFQ were compared with those obtained from a 4-day weighed diary. Subjects and methods: A sub-sample of 50 infants aged 6 months from the SWS had their diets assessed by both methods. The FFQ recorded the frequencies and amounts of milks, baby foods, regular foods and drinks consumed by the infants over the previous seven days. The diaries recorded the weights of all foods and drinks consumed by the infants on four separate days within 15 days following FFQ completion. Results: Spearman rank correlation coefficients for intakes of energy, macronutrients and 18 micronutrients, determined by the two methods, ranged from r 5 0Á39 to 0Á86; adjustment for energy intake tended to increase the correlation coefficients, range r a 5 0Á55 to 0Á89. Bland-Altman statistics showed that mean differences between methods were in the range of 212Á5 % to 112Á5 % except for vitamin B 12 (218Á9 %). Conclusion: Although there were differences in absolute energy and nutrient intakes between methods, Spearman rank correlation coefficients indicated reasonable agreement in the ranking of intakes. The interviewer-administered FFQ is a useful tool for assessing energy and nutrient intakes of healthy infants aged about 6 months.

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Effect of Infant Feeding on the Risk of Obesity Across the Life Course: A Quantitative Review of Published Evidence

Abstract: Initial breastfeeding protects against obesity in later life. However, a further review including large unpublished studies exploring the effect of confounding factors in more detail is needed.

Cited by 962 publications

References 71 publications

Aetiological factors behind adipose tissue inflammation: an unexplored research area

Aetiological factors behind adipose tissue inflammation: an unexplored research area

Developmental and epigenetic pathways to obesity: an evolutionary-developmental perspective

What do babies eat? Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the diets of infants aged 6 months

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