Effect of Infant Presence on Social Networks of Sterilized and Intact Wild Female Balinese Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Giraud, Gwennan; Sosa, Sebastiàn; Hambuckers, Alain; Deleuze, Stéfan; Wandia, I Nengah; Huynen, Marie‐Claude; Poncin, Pascal

doi:10.3390/ani11092538

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…As the macaque population has grown, the Temple Group has further dispersed into these human-dominated spaces. Recognizing the detrimental role of population growth in group expansion, the Ubud Monkey Forest in partnership with the University of Liège (Belgium) and the University of Udayana (Bali) have initiated a sterilization program [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healing Hanuman’s Army: Veterinary Care as a Core Component of One Health Principles in a Southeast Asian Monkey Forest

Loudon,

Howells,

Wolfe

et al. 2023

Animals

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Wildlife that inhabit urban landscapes face the dual challenge of negotiating their positions in their group while navigating obstacles of anthropogenically modified landscapes. The dynamics of urban environments can result in novel injuries and mortalities for these animals. However, these negative impacts can be mitigated through planning, and onsite veterinary care like that provided by the Ubud Monkey Forest in Bali, Indonesia. We examined 275 recorded injuries and mortalities among six social groups of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) brought to the veterinary clinic from 2015–2018. We fit the probabilities of injury vs. death among macaques brought to the clinic using a multilevel logistic regression model to infer the relationship between injury vs. death and associated demographic parameters. Males were more likely to sustain injuries and females were more likely to die. The frequency of injuries and mortalities changed over the four-year study period, which was reflected in our model. The odds of mortality were highest among young macaques and the odds of injury vs. mortality varied across the six social groups. We categorized injuries and mortalities as “natural” or “anthropogenic”. Most injuries and mortalities were naturally occurring, but powerlines, motorized vehicles, and plastic present ongoing anthropogenic threats to macaque health. Most wounds and injuries were successfully treated, with healthy animals released back to their group. We suggest other sites with high levels of human–alloprimate interplays consider the Ubud Monkey Forest veterinary office as a model of care and potentially adopt their approaches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healing Hanuman’s Army: Veterinary Care as a Core Component of One Health Principles in a Southeast Asian Monkey Forest

Loudon,

Howells,

Wolfe

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…The area is forested and surrounded by human settlements. Depending on the study period, the study population totaled between 700 and 1000 individuals and comprised five to seven neighboring groups with overlapping home range areas (Giraud et al, 2021; Kluzinski, 2016). The monkeys were provisioned at least three times per day with fruits and vegetables by the temple staff.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, from four groups of comparable sizes (i.e., around 100 individuals per group), we sampled a total of 173 individually identified subjects across four predictions, including 63 juvenile/subadult males (aged 2-6 years), 37 juvenile/ subadult females (aged 2-4), 18 adult males (older than 6 years), and 55 adult females (older than 4 years). These groups share large parts of their home ranges; male dispersal into different groups is common and occasionally large groups split into smaller ones (Giraud et al, 2021). All the stone handling sequences used in this study were video-recorded with a digital camera (Sony Full HD Handycam Camcorder).…”

Section: Data Collection and Study Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do monkeys use sex toys? Evidence of stone tool‐assisted masturbation in free‐ranging long‐tailed macaques

et al. 2022

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Recent reports on tool use in nonforaging contexts have led researchers to reconsider the proximate drivers of instrumental object manipulation. In this study, we explore the physiological and behavioral correlates of two stone‐directed and seemingly playful actions, the repetitive tapping and rubbing of stones onto the genital and inguinal area, respectively, that may have been co‐opted into self‐directed tool‐assisted masturbation in long‐tailed macaques (i.e., “Sex Toy” hypothesis). We predicted that genital and inguinal stone‐tapping and rubbing would be more closely temporally associated with physiological responses (e.g., estrus in females, penile erection in males) and behavior patterns (e.g., sexual mounts and other mating interactions) that are sexually motivated than other stone‐directed play. We also predicted that the stones selected to perform genital and inguinal stone‐tapping and rubbing actions would be less variable in number, size, and texture than the stones typically used during other stone‐directed playful actions. Overall, our data partly supported the “Sex Toy” hypothesis indicating that stone‐directed tapping and rubbing onto the genital and inguinal area are sexually motivated behaviors. Our research suggests that instrumental behaviors of questionably adaptive value may be maintained over evolutionary time through pleasurable/self‐rewarding mechanisms, such as those underlying playful and sexual activities.

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“…The wetland area, our primary study site with range of temperature, humidity, and rainfall of 22-31°C, 85-90%, and 98-350 mm, respectively, fulfills several criteria that theoretically facilitate the transmission of JEV. This study site has a large long-tailed macaque population (n=1100 individuals) [ 16 ] in a small tropical forest fragment surrounded by agricultural land, towns, and rivers, and many people visit it for tourism. There are wet rice fields nearby and the town nearby has a backyard pig farm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First survey on seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali, Indonesia

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic infectious inflammatory brain disease caused by the JE virus (JEV). Considerable research into the seroprevalence of JE in domestic animals has been conducted, but there have been no reports of its occurrence in wild animals, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of JEV infection and its determinants in long-tailed macaques in Bali and the prevalence of mosquito vectors. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from a population of M. fascicularis (92 heads) inhabiting a small forest with irrigated rice field nearby (wetland area) in Ubud, Gianyar, and from two populations in dryland areas with no wet rice field (Uluwatu, Badung, and Nusa Penida, Bali Province, Indonesia). The collected sera were tested for antibodies against JEV using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (qualitative monkey JE Immunoglobulin G antibody kit). The seropositivity of the antibodies was then compared based on different variables, namely, habitat type, age, and sex. Results: The seroprevalence of the JEV antibodies in all the samples tested was found to be 41.3%. The seropositivity of the monkey serum samples collected from the wetland area was 46.4%, which was higher than the seropositivity of the sera samples collected from the dried field areas (1.25%). Monkey sera collected from the wetland areas were 6.1 times (odds ratio [OR]: 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-51.5, p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive compared to the monkey sera collected from the dried field areas. Meanwhile, female monkeys were 1.79 times (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.76-4.21; p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive to JEV than males. Similarly, juvenile monkeys were 2.38 times (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 0.98-5.79); p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive against the JEV than adult monkeys. However, none of these differences achieved statistical significance. Regarding the JEV mosquito vector collection, more Culex mosquitoes were found in the samples from the wetland areas than from the dried field areas. Conclusion: The study confirms the existence of JEV infection in long-tailed macaques in Bali. There were patterned seropositivity differences based on habitat, age, and sex of the monkeys, but these were not significant. The possibility of monkeys as a JEV reservoir and the presence of the mosquitoes as the JEV vector are suggested but require more study to confirm.

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Effect of Infant Presence on Social Networks of Sterilized and Intact Wild Female Balinese Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Cited by 4 publications

References 93 publications

Healing Hanuman’s Army: Veterinary Care as a Core Component of One Health Principles in a Southeast Asian Monkey Forest

Healing Hanuman’s Army: Veterinary Care as a Core Component of One Health Principles in a Southeast Asian Monkey Forest

Do monkeys use sex toys? Evidence of stone tool‐assisted masturbation in free‐ranging long‐tailed macaques

First survey on seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali, Indonesia

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