Effect of Infection Control Measures on the Frequency of Upper Respiratory Infection in Child Care: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Roberts, Leslee; Epid, PhD; Smith, Wayne; Jorm, Louisa; BVSc, MSc; Patel, Mahomed; Douglas, Robert M.; McGilchrist, C. A.

doi:10.1542/peds.105.4.738

Cited by 194 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Given the contribution of direct transmission of pathogens to the prevalence of ARI in children in a day care, as well as the limited ability to reduce incidence of ARI through infection control techniques, 45 alternative measures such as nutritional supplementation should be considered. Cow' s milk is a regularly consumed beverage after 1 year of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

Jin

Liu

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVE: Children are vulnerable to diet inadequacies, which may affect immune function. Our objective was to determine if a follow-up formula (FUF) containing DHA, the prebiotics PDX and GOS, and yeast β-glucan affects incidence of respiratory infections and diarrheal disease in healthy children. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, controlled, prospective trial, 3-4 year old children were fed 3 servings per day of either a FUF with 25 mg DHA, 1.2 g PDX/GOS, and 8.7 mg yeast β-glucan per serving or an unfortified, cow’s milk-based beverage (control) for 28 weeks. Fecal and blood samples were collected to assess immune markers and iron/zinc status. Incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI), diarrheal disease, and antibiotic treatment were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: The FUF group had fewer episodes and shorter duration of ARI (mean days [SE]; control = 4.3 [0.2]; FUF = 3.5 [0.2]; P = .007), less antibiotic use (n [%]; control = 21 [14%]; FUF = 8 [5%]; P = .01), and fewer missed days of day care due to illness. No diarrheal disease was diagnosed in either group. The FUF group had higher interleukin-10 and white blood cell count at the end of the study. There were no differences in hemoglobin, serum ferritin and zinc, or fecal secretory immunoglobulin A. CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumption of a FUF was associated with fewer episodes and shorter duration of ARI, as well as less antibiotic use. The children who consumed the FUF had increased interleukin-10 and white blood cells, suggesting an antiinflammatory mechanism and/or an increase of effector immune cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

Jin

Liu

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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“…28 An Australian Capital Ter ritory repor t suggested that there were approximately 11 colds per child-year. 29 A study of South Australian preschool children reported a point prevalence of 32.6% and 33.7% for 'head colds' and 'dry cough' respectively. 30 Although cross-sectional studies cannot be directly compared with our findings, they corroborate the frequent occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms in the community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A community‐based study of respiratory episodes in Melbourne, Australia

Leder

Sinclair

Mitakaki

et al. 2003

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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A cute respiratory infections (ARIs) are responsible for an estimated 8.2% of the world's total burden of disability and premature death. 1 ARIs are a leading cause of health care service usage worldwide, being managed at approximately 20% of medical consultations and accounting for 30% of absences from work and 75% of all antibiotic prescriptions in developed nations. [1][2][3][4][5] Repor ts suggest that preschool children suffer from 6-10 episodes of acute respiratory tract infections per year and may spend 30-40% of their time with ARI symptoms, whereas adults average 2-4 respiratory infections annually. [6][7][8] In developing countries, ARIs are also a leading cause of death, killing approximately four million children each year. 9 Although the signif icant contribution of respiratory infections to morbidity and health resource utilisation is well recognised, it is difficult to accurately determine the total health burden of respiratory diseases. Extrapolation of Australian data pub lished in a recent Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) sur vey suggests that there are approximately 7.4 million encounters per year in which GPs manage upper respiratory tract infections. 10 However, there are few published repor ts that provide detailed and up-to-date data regarding the rate of respiratory events in the community.The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology and rate of respiratory episodes among 600 Australian families in

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“…890 In several other studies in which hand hygiene compliance was not monitored, multidisciplinary programmes that involved the introduction of an alcohol-based handrub were associated with a decrease in HCAI and cross-transmission rates. 429,489,645,735 The beneficial effects of hand hygiene promotion on the risk of cross-transmission have also been reported in surveys conducted in schools or day-care centres, 454,[891][892][893][894][895][896] as well as in community settings. 248,249,449,754,815,830,[897][898][899][900] While none of the studies conducted in the health-care setting represented randomized controlled trials, they provide substantial evidence that increased hand hygiene compliance is associated with reduced HCAI rates.…”

Section: Impact Of Improved Hand Hygienementioning

confidence: 95%

Hand Hygiene

Longtin¹,

Sax²,

Allegranzi³

et al. 2011

N Engl J Med

108

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Effect of Infection Control Measures on the Frequency of Upper Respiratory Infection in Child Care: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Abstract: This trial supports the role of direct transmission of colds in young children in child care. The ability of infection control techniques to reduce episodes of colds in children in child care was limited to children 24 months of age and under.

Cited by 194 publications

References 13 publications

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

A community‐based study of respiratory episodes in Melbourne, Australia

Hand Hygiene

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