Effect of Inhalation of Organic Dust-Derived Microbial Agents on the Pulmonary Phagocytic Oxidative Metabolism of Guinea Pigs

Milanowski, Janusz

doi:10.1080/009841098159439

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…5) [51,52], secondly by demonstrating that the isolated vesicular endotoxin-containing nanoparticles (VECN) exert stronger biological effects than the purified lipopolysaccharides [53], and thirdly by proving that the saline extracts of the cell mass (CA-S) of P. agglomerans, resembling a native mix of protein antigens and endotoxin, show potent biological effects, much stronger compared to isolated lipopolysaccharides of P. agglomerans or to other adverse microbial agents occurring in organic dusts [54,55,56,57]. These works will be discussed in detail in the next article of the Pantoea-series.…”

Section: Dust-borne Endotoxins and Allergens Of Pantoea Agglomerans -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pantoea agglomerans: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

Dutkiewicz¹,

Maćkiewicz²,

Lemieszek³

et al. 2015

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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The ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium Pantoea agglomerans (synonyms: Enterobacter agglomerans, Erwinia herbicola) is known both as an epiphytic microbe developing on the surface of plants, and as an endophytic organism living inside the plants. The bacterium also occurs abundantly in plant and animal products, in the body of arthropods and other animals, in water, soil, dust and air, and occasionally in humans. From the human viewpoint, the role of this organism is ambiguous -both deleterious and beneficial: on one side it causes disorders in people exposed to inhalation of organic dusts and diseases of crops, and on the other it produces substances effective in the treatment of cancer and other diseases of humans and animals, suppresses the development of various plant pathogens, promotes plant growth, and appears as a potentially efficient biofertilizer and bioremediator. P. agglomerans has been identified as a predominant bacterium on cotton plants grown worldwide, usually as an epiphyte, rarely as pathogen. It is particularly numerous on cotton bract after senescence. During the processing of cotton in mills, bacteria and their products are released with cotton dust into the air and are inhaled by workers, causing respiratory and general disorders, usually defined as byssinosis. The most adverse substance is endotoxin, a heteropolymer macromolecule present in the outermost part of the cell wall, consisting of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a major constituent, phospholipids and protein. Numerous experiments carried out in last quarter of 20th century on laboratory animals and human volunteers supported convincing evidence that the inhaled endotoxin produced by P. agglomerans causes numerous pathologic effects similar to those elicited by cotton dust, such as the influx of free lung cells into airways and activation of alveolar macrophages which secrete mediators (prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor, interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor) that cause the accumulation of platelets in pulmonary capillaries, initiating acute and chronic inflammation, resulting in endothelial cell damage and extravasation of cells and fluids into the lung interstitium. These changes cause bronchoconstriction, the decrement of lung function expressed as reduction of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) and/or diffusion capacity, increase in the airway hyper-reactivity and subjective symptoms such as fever, airway irritation and chest tightness. The conclusions from these experiments, performed mostly 20-30 years ago, did not loose their actuality until recently. This was because to-date no other cotton dust component had been identified as a more important work-related hazard than bacterial endotoxin. Although other microbial and plant constituents are also considered as potential causative agents of byssinosis, the endotoxin produced by Pantoea agglomerans and other Gram-negative bacteria present in cotton dust, is still regarded as a major cause of this mysterious disease. Key wordsPantoea agglomerans, end...

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Section: Dust-borne Endotoxins and Allergens Of Pantoea Agglomerans -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pantoea agglomerans: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

Dutkiewicz¹,

Maćkiewicz²,

Lemieszek³

et al. 2015

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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“…Exposure of heaves-susceptible horses to mouldy hay and inhalation challenge with hay dust suspension (HDS) induces airway inflammation characterised by an elevation in BALF neutrophil number (Tesarowski et al 1996;Pirie et al 2002a). Furthermore, inhalation of fungal antigens, such as those from Aspergillus fumigatus, results in neutrophilic airway inflammation in guinea pigs (Milanowski 1998). The severity of respiratory symptoms in man is related to the magnitude of fungal spore and (1y3)-β-D-glucan exposure (Rylander 1997;Eduard et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose responses to inhalation of endotoxin, hay dust suspension andAspergillus fumigatusextract in horses as measured by levels and activation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9

Simonen-Jokinen

Pirie

McGorum

et al. 2005

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Reasons for performing study: Airway matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) increase after endotoxin (LPS) exposure, but there are no reports describing dose‐dependent increases or activation following exposure. Objectives: To study matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and ‐2 (MMP‐2) responses in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from heaves‐susceptible and control horses following inhalation of hay dust suspension (HDS), LPS and Aspergillus fumigatus extract (AFE). Methods: Heaves‐susceptible (n = 7) and control (n = 6) horses received inhalation challenges with 3 different doses of HDS and LPS. Heaves‐susceptible horses (n = 6) also received 3 different doses of AFE and one dose of AFE depleted of endotoxin (AFE‐LPS). BALF collected following inhalation challenges was analysed using gelatin zymography. Gelatinolytic bands were identified as complex, pro‐MMP‐9, active MMP‐9, pro‐MMP‐2 and active MMP‐2 based on molecular weights. Results: Each challenge substance induced a dose‐dependent elevation in gelatinolytic activity. The dose‐dependency was most evident for pro‐MMP‐9 and total MMP‐9 levels in heaves‐susceptible horses following LPS challenges. Conclusions: There is a dose‐dependent elevation in MMP‐9 in BALF of heaves‐susceptible and control horses following inhalation challenge with organic dust and some of its components, elevation being more marked in heaves‐susceptible horses. Organic dust components vary in their pro‐inflammatory potential. Potential relevance: This study supports the role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of heaves and highlights the potential value of protease inhibitors in attenuating the airway inflammatory response to inhaled organic dust.

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“…Milanowski [128,129] subjected guinea pigs to the inhalation challenge with the aerosols of seven of the aforementioned agents associated with organic dusts and of E. coli, the same which were used for assessment of the effects in vitro [121,122,123,124]. Aerosols of P. agglomerans CA-S and LPS-TCA were generated from the solutions made in saline at the concentration of 10 μg/ml, mimicking real exposure in facilities heavily contaminated with grain dust.…”

Section: Experiments Proving the Potential Role Of P Agglomerans Endmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pantoea agglomerans: a mysterious bacterium of evil and good. Part II. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on grain dust, other agricultural dusts and wood dust

Dutkiewicz¹,

Maćkiewicz²,

Lemieszek³

et al. 2016

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Pantoea agglomerans, a Gram-negative bacterium developing in a variety of plants as epiphyte or endophyte is particularly common in grain and grain dust, and has been identified by an interdisciplinary group from Lublin, eastern Poland, as a causative agent of work-related diseases associated with exposure to grain dust and other agricultural dusts. The concentration of P. agglomerans in grain as well as in the settled grain and flour dust was found to be high, ranging from 10 4-10 8 CFU/g, while in the air polluted with grain or flour dust it ranged from 10 3-10 5 CFU/m 3 and formed 73.2-96% of the total airborne Gram-negative bacteria. The concentration of P. agglomerans was also relatively high in the air of the facilities processing herbs and other plant materials, while it was lower in animal farms and in wood processing facilities. Pantoea agglomerans produces a biologically-potent endotoxin (cell wall lipopolysaccharide, LPS). The significant part of this endotoxin occurs in dusts in the form of virus-sized globular nanoparticles measuring 10-50 nm that could be described as the 'endotoxin super-macromolecules'. A highly significant relationship was found (R=0.804, P=0.000927) between the concentration of the viable P. agglomerans in the air of various agricultural and wood industry settings and the concentration of bacterial endotoxin in the air, as assessed by the Limulus test. Although this result may be interfered by the presence of endotoxin produced by other Gram-negative species, it unequivocally suggests the primary role of the P. agglomerans endotoxin as an adverse agent in the agricultural working environment, causing toxic pneumonitis (ODTS). Numerous experiments by the inhalation exposure of animals to various extracts of P. agglomerans strains isolated from grain dust, including endotoxin isolated with trichloroacetic acid (LPS-TCA), endotoxin nanoparticles isolated in sucrose gradient (VECN), and mixture of proteins and endotoxin obtained by extraction of bacterial mass in saline (CA-S), showed the ability of these extracts to evoke inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the lungs, to stimulate alveolar macrophages to produce superoxide anion (O 2-), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and chemotactic factors for other macrophages and neutrophils, and to increase the pulmonary concentrations of toll-like receptors and chemokines. The most potent properties showed the CA-S which may be attributed to the allergenic properties of P. agglomerans proteins enhanced by the presence of the autologous endotoxin. The results of these experiments are in accord with the clinical studies which revealed a high reactivity of the agricultural and grain industry workers to allergenic extracts of P. agglomerans, and the presence in these populations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and asthma cases caused by this bacterium. P. agglomerans has been also identified as a potential causative agent of allergic dermatitis in farmers and of allergic pulmonary disorders in cattle. In conclusion, similar to the cotton industry, also in ...

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Effect of Inhalation of Organic Dust-Derived Microbial Agents on the Pulmonary Phagocytic Oxidative Metabolism of Guinea Pigs

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>: a marvelous bacterium of evil and good. Part I. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on cotton dust

Dose responses to inhalation of endotoxin, hay dust suspension andAspergillus fumigatusextract in horses as measured by levels and activation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9

<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>: a mysterious bacterium of evil and good. Part II. Deleterious effects: Dust-borne endotoxins and allergens – focus on grain dust, other agricultural dusts and wood dust

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