To elucidate the role of specific proinflammatory cytokines in regulating airway responsiveness, we examined the effects and mechanisms of action of IL-1  , TNF-␣ , and IL-2 on the  -adrenoceptor-and postreceptor-coupled transmembrane signaling mechanisms regulating relaxation in isolated rabbit tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) segments. During half-maximal isometric contraction of the tissues with acetylcholine, relaxation responses to isoproterenol, PGE 2 , and forskolin were separately compared in control (untreated) TSM and tissues incubated for 18 h with IL-1  (10 ng/ml), TNF-␣ (100 ng/ml), or IL-2 (200 ng/ml). Relative to controls, IL-1  -and TNF-␣ -treated TSM, but not IL-2-treated tissues, depicted significant attenuation of their maximal relaxation and sensitivity (i.e., Ϫ log dose producing 50% maximal relaxation) to isoproterenol ( P Ͻ 0.001) and PGE 2 ( P Ͻ 0.05); whereas the relaxation responses to direct stimulation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin were similar in the control and cytokine-treated tissues. Further, the attenuated relaxation to isoproterenol and PGE 2 was ablated in the IL-1  -treated TSM that were pretreated with either the muscarinic M 2 -receptor antagonist, methoctramine (10