Effect of intestinal microbiota on liver disease and its related future prospection: From the perspective of intestinal barrier damage and microbial metabolites

Abstract

Liver diseases contribute notably to the global concern of mortality and disease. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that intestinal microbiota can regulate intestinal barrier function and produce bioactive metabolites. Failure of any aspect of this barrier can result in the translocation of microbes into the blood and a sustained inflammatory response that promotes liver injury, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Here, we review the mechanisms by that intestinal microbiota regulate the intestinal barrier. The multiple underlying mechanisms of intestinal microbiota in liver disease are elaborated in detail, emphasizing them as the bridge linking the liver with gut microbiota. Thus, we highlight the feasibility of targeting the gut‐liver axis for treating liver diseases.

Effects of ginseng on short‐chain fatty acids and intestinal microbiota in rats with spleen‐qi deficiency based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 16s rRNA technology

“…An imbalance of intestinal microbiota is a crucial factor in the etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic management of a wide array of diseases. It is closely related to the modulation of the autoimmune system, drug metabolism, and therapeutic outcomes 21,22 . Among the myriad of metabolites produced by intestinal flora, SCFAs – consisting of organic fatty acids ranging from 1 to 6 carbon atoms – are some of the most essential markers 23,24 .…”

“…It is closely related to the modulation of the autoimmune system, drug metabolism, and therapeutic outcomes. 21,22 Among the myriad of metabolites produced by intestinal flora, SCFAsconsisting of organic fatty acids ranging from 1 to 6 carbon atomsare some of the most essential markers. 23,24 The depletion of SCFAs is a notable causative factor in spleen-qi deficiency.…”

The significance of gut microbiota in the etiology of autoimmune hepatitis: a narrative review

“…Under healthy conditions, only a limited number of bacteria and their metabolites can reach the liver and be eliminated by the immune system of the liver. Under pathological conditions, however, disruption of the microbiota causes an increase in intestinal permeability, which results in the transfer of bacteria from the intestines to the liver via the circulation, thereby triggering liver inflammation and fibrosis (Bruneau et al, 2021;Bragazzi et al, 2023;Jiang et al, 2023). Consequently, the degradation of the intestinal barrier and the increase in intestinal permeability caused by intestinal microorganisms, their metabolites, and associated proteins are also essential components of the pathogenesis of AIH.…”