Effect of Intranasal Glucagon on Blood Glucose Levels in Healthy Subjects and Hypoglycaemic Patients With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

Partial ablation of leptin signaling in mouse pancreatic α-cells does not alter either glucose or lipid homeostasis

“…diabetes; leptin signaling; leptin therapy THE INSULIN-COUNTERACTING hormone glucagon, secreted from pancreatic ␣-cells, plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. While insulin is secreted after meal ingestion and stimulates glucose uptake (11,35), glucagon is secreted in conditions of fuel demand and promotes hepatic glucose production by activating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (19,44). Hence, the finely tuned secretion and action of these two antagonistic hormones maintain glycemia within physiological levels.…”

Intranasal Drug Delivery

“…Increasing amounts of intranasal glucagon yield progressively higher plasma glucagon concentrations and blood glucose levels in both healthy sub-jects (Freychet et al 1988) and diabetic patients (Alberetto et al 1988); the drug administered by this route was effective in resolving hypoglycaemic Abbreviations: IRG = immunoreactive glucagon; BG = blood glucose level; Cmax = peak plasma drug concentration ; tmax = time to Cmax ; f = bioavailability; NaGC = sodium glycocholate; 9LE = 9-lauryl ether (1% w/v); DC = deoxycholate (1% w/v); 100M = insulindependent diabetes mellitus; Eu = euglycaemic; Hypo = hypoglycaemic; NS = not stated.…”

Glucagon for hypoglycemic episodes in insulin-treated diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a comparison of glucagon with dextrose and of different glucagon formulations

“…Efficacy of intranasal (IN) glucagon has been proved in the 1980s [41][42][43], 2 mg of IN glucagon being as effective as 1 mg of IM glucagon [44]; the IN route seems to be a safer method of administration decreasing the hazard of accidental needle sticks and body fluid exposure [45,46], especially in the emergency setting where an IV access may not always be rapidly achieved and the IM route may not be desirable. Unfortunately, the IN route is not yet commercially available.…”