Effect of Iodinated Water Supplies on Thyroid Function

Freund, Gerhard; Thomas, William C.; Bird, Edward D.; Kinman, Riley N.; Black, Andrew P.

doi:10.1210/jcem-26-6-619

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…After the addition of 1 mg/L iodine in prison water for 15 years, the investigators did not find any subjects in whom the use of iodinated water caused a decrease in serum concentrations of thyroxine below normal values, and they did not find any instances of allergic reactions. In addition, there were no instances of neonatal goiter in 181 fullterm infants born to women who were incarcerated while pregnant and who delivered their infants while in prison (48).…”

Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The basis for existing recommendations of maximum safe intake level of iodine are studies by Freund et al (48) and Thomas et al. (57), who iodinated the water to three Florida prisons.…”

Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These recommended limits were increased from 1.0 mg/day for adults in the previous (1980) edition (58,66) based primarily on the data from Freund et al (48) and Thomas et al (57). The National Academy of Sciences reached a similar conclusion by calculating a suggested no-adverse-response level from toxicity data (11), and noted that this was consistent with the data from both Freund et al (48) and Morgan and Karpen (50). Most uses of iodine for field water treatment would exceed these recommended limits.…”

Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.

Backer

Hollowell

2000

Environ Health Perspect

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Iodine is an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection for people who vacation, travel, or work in areas where municipal water treatment is not reliable. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine dose and duration of use when iodine is ingested in excess of the recommended daily dietary amount. The major health effect of concern with excess iodine ingestion is thyroid disorders, primarily hypothyroidism with or without iodine-induced goiter. A review ofthe human trials on the safety ofiodine ingestion indicates that neither the maximum recommended dietary dose (2 mg/day) nor the mum recommended duration of use (3 weeks) has a firm basis. Rather than a clear threshold response level or a linear and temporal dose-response relationship between iodine intake and thyroid function, there appears to be marked individual sensitivity, often resulting from unmasking ofunderlying thyroid disease. The use of iodine for water disinfection requires a risk-benefit decision based on iodine's benefit as a disinfectant and the changes it induces in thyroid physiology. By using appropriate disinfection techniques and monitoring thyroid finction, most people can use iodine for water treatment over a prolonged period of time. Key worni goiter, iodine, thyroid disorders, thyroid hormones, water purification, water supply.

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Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The basis for existing recommendations of maximum safe intake level of iodine are studies by Freund et al (48) and Thomas et al. (57), who iodinated the water to three Florida prisons.…”

Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thyroid Effects Of Excess Iodine Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.

Backer

Hollowell

2000

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Vulnerable groups against iodine are pregnant or lactating women, and neonates, as iodine freely crosses the placenta and is expressed in breast milk. As a consequence goitre and hypothyroidism have been reported to occur in the offspring of mothers exposed to pharmacological doses of iodine and iodide (Chow et al [1], Saxena et al [2], Freund et al [3], Sternthal et al [4], Gardner et al [5]). …”

Section: The Translocational Behavior Of Iodine In the Human Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the emission of radioactive J-131 during its application on a patient as a treatment against hyperthyroid

Vgenopoulou¹,

Vgenopoulos²

2005

Modelling in Medicine and Biology VI

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The variation of the radiation emitted by a patient, who had been treated with a small quantity of J-131 against hyperthyroid, was followed with a Geigercounter over a period of about two months. The daily measurements were performed at a distance of 6 cm from the neck of the patient at a given time during the afternoon.The following results were obtained from the measurements: a) The first 11 days an anomalous emission of radiation was recorded. b) The next 3 weeks, the emitted radiation reduced to 1/3 of its biggest initial value, with only small fluctuations. c) In the following period of time the radiation reduced further to 1/12 of its initial value, with a reducing tendency and approaching the natural environmental emission values. Especially during the first days after treatment, the behavior of the emitted radiation of radioactive iodine from the patient as described above, did not follow the expected pattern of radioactive decay, which would correspond to a half-life period of 8 days. The irregular behavior mentioned and its possible sideeffects on a suspected developing cancer on the left breast of the patient are due to be discussed in this work.

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“…A most informative study concerning this topic involves a prison population whose source of drinking water contained 0.5 mg/l. of iodine as a disinfectant (47,48). Daily iodine consumption was probably in the order of 1-2 mg daily for up to 3 years.…”

Section: Figure 2 Adverse Effects Of Iodine Reported In Susceptible mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Altering Thyroid Function and Their Assessment

Barsano¹

1981

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Effect of Iodinated Water Supplies on Thyroid Function

Cited by 32 publications

References 4 publications

Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.

Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.

Observations on the emission of radioactive J-131 during its application on a patient as a treatment against hyperthyroid

Environmental Factors Altering Thyroid Function and Their Assessment

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