Effect of Ionised (Electrolysed) Water on the Rat Embryo Development

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects ionised water has on embryonic development using Wistar rat animal model. For that purpose, alkaline and acidic water was prepared with a domestic water ioniser. It was found that the concentrations of Cl–, SO42– ions increased in acidic water, while in alkaline water, Ca2+ concentration decreased and halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations exceeded permitted levels. The animals were given test alkaline and acidic water, as well as tap water as control. After three months, female rats were mated. On the 21st day of gestation, they were euthanized and subjected to Caesarean sections; the number of live and dead fetuses was recorded. The fetuses were examined for external or visceral malformations and skeletal abnormalities. The data showed that embryo death was higher in acidic and alkaline experimental groups in comparison to the control group. The fetuses in both test groups were significantly shorter than in the control group. Long bones of fetal hind and front limbs were shorter in the acidic group in comparison to the control group. Retardation of limb osteogenesis was expressed in the acidic group fetuses. Therefore, in our model, ionised water had a negative effect on the embryonic development.

Chloroacetonitrile reduces rat prenatal bone length and induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage in rat fetal liver

“…The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tk-kbOdGBW8SR-a0_1CNLnJMUtrXK7RJ/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=102821874409078598869&rtpof=true&sd=true, reference number 73.…”

“…Dibromoacetic acid and bromodichloromethane can pass through amniotic fluid, placentas, fetuses (rats and rabbits), or milk (rats) (Christian et al, 2001). Thus, these compounds have induced pregnancy loss (Narotsky et al, 2011), adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO) like short gestational age and stillbirth (Bonou, Levallois, Giguère, Rodriguez, & Bureau, 2017; Cao et al, 2016; Mashau, Ncube, & Voyi, 2018; Save‐Soderbergh, Toljander, Donat‐Vargas, Berglund, & Åkesson, 2020; Summerhayes et al, 2021), congenital central nervous system anomalies (Hwang & Jaakkola, 2003), skeletal defects (Stankevič et al, 2020), pre‐term delivery (King, Dodds, & Allen, 2000). Pregnant women who drank more than five glasses of water with DBP concentrations of about 75 μg/L each day displayed a significant relationship between APO and DBP and most exhibited intrauterine growth retardation (Wright, Schwartz, & Dockery, 2004).…”

Electrolyzed–Reduced Water: Review II: Safety Concerns and Effectiveness as a Source of Hydrogen Water

“…Similarly, another study evaluated the effects of administering acidic (pH 3.4) or alkaline (pH 10.1) ionized water on embryonic development compared to neutral control water. It was revealed that both the acidic and alkaline groups resulted in a higher embryonic death, as well as impaired growth of the surviving fetuses [ 33 ].…”