Effect of iron-fortified jamun leather on the Asunra-induced anemia in Sprague Dawley rats

Abstract

IntroductionMicronutrients such as minerals and vitamins are required in a minute quantity but play a pivotal role in the functioning of the body. Therefore, deficiency in one of them can lead to lethal health conditions. Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies across the world and is affecting women and children.MethodsThe present study aimed to investigate the anti-anaemic effect of fortified jamun leather on anaemia biomarkers and haematology in anaemic female Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were used in 4 groups. Iron deficiency anaemia was induced by oral administration of the Asunra drug. The treatments were fed at two dosage levels i.e., 40 and 60% iron-fortified leather. All animals were treated for 60 days and the parameters including biochemical, and histopathology of the kidney and liver were examined.ResultsThe experiment's findings showed that the group fed with iron-fortified leather (G3) succeeded significantly (P < 0.05) in restoring the serum iron (98.68 ± 2.88 μg/dL), haemoglobin (12.41 ± 0.32 g/dL), ferritin (24.54 ± 1.98 ng/mL) and haematocrit levels (39.30 ± 1.66%) at the end of the 60 days period. Additionally, the treated group's mean values for transferrin and total iron binding capacity were lower than those of the anaemic rats, indicating an improvement in iron levels. The microscopic analysis revealed that treatments had no toxic effects on the kidney and liver tissues, except in the diseased group, which had necrosis and irregular cell structure.ConclusionConclusively, iron-fortified jamun leather helped improve iron deficiency biomarkers and imparted a non-toxic effect on tissues in rats.

Ameliorative Activities of Morus and Jamun against Cr Induced Andro-Hepatic Anomalies

“…In humans the stomach acts as a site for anthocyanin absorption from food, cyanidin-3glucoside and cyanidin-3, 5-diglucoside, penetrate into human's blood through liver cells [67]. The anthocyanin-rich extract decreases the lipid peroxidation; to normalize cholesterol by up regulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and influence the testosterone metabolism to ameliorate hyperglycemia and reproductive anomalies [68].…”

“…Protective activities of plants (deferiprone) act as an aluminum chelator and nullify the Al-induced toxicity [26]. Chemical compounds isolated from Morus nigra like anthocyanin, betulinic acid, flavonoid, β-sitosterol and germanicol, and from Syzygium cumini [68] are oleanolic acid, isoquercetin, quercetin, myricetin, tannins, delphinidin, petunidin, malvidin-diglucosides, friedelin, ellagic acid, gallotannin, ellagitannin betulinic acid, kaempferol, gallic acid, myricetine, pinocarveol, cineole, gerany-l-acetone, α-cadinol, eucarvone, muurolol and α-myrtenal have medicinal abilities and can be used in drugs [70].…”

“…The heavy metals induced testicular and hepatic histoarchitecture grievances which can be attenuated and chelated by using specific plants extracts as supplements [71]. Traditional medicinal plants are used in amelioration of diseases because plants components like antioxidants [68] have ability to chelate the heavy metals and organs can be recovered (Fig. 5) after chelation.…”

“…Antioxidant have significant role against Cr induced oxidative stress by efficient chelation and radical scavenging ability during apoptosis. Natural fruit extracts are without any side effect and never alter the normal cecal microbial composition and intestinal microbiota; essential for carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 pathway during amelioration [68,72]. The traditional herbal medicines are preferred than modern synthetic drugs and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy against cancer [73,74] along with phytochemicals supplementations will ensure amelioration without side effects in future should be encouraged and sponsored.…”