Women have a higher prevalence of fibromyalgia and myofascial pain than men, but sex differences in muscle pain are inconsistently detected. We examined sex differences in ratings and effects of recalled and experimentally-induced muscle pain. In Study 1 (N = 188), participants completed a questionnaire about recalled muscle pain. In Study 2 (N = 55), participants' described muscle pain from an exercise stimulus across three days by telephone. Muscle pain ratings, self-care behaviors for muscle pain, and effects of muscle pain on activities were measured. No significant sex differences were found except that women tended to view exercise as more effective for decreasing muscle pain than men (F 1, 187 = 5.43, p = .02, η 2 = .03), fewer women performed exercise for induced muscle pain than men, and women's activity interference was significantly higher than men's at the third day post-exercise (F 2 , 42 = 6.54, p= .01, η 2 = .14). These findings support the absence of meaningful sex differences in muscle pain ratings. However, additional investigations are needed that consider the daily activities completed by people and the prevalence and incidence of performing a wide range of self-care behaviors for pain.Perspective: These studies support that sex differences are not present in recalled and experimentally-induced muscle pain ratings. Therefore, we must be cautious about generalizing the musculoskeletal pain literature to muscle pain. Additional research is needed to interpret potential sex differences in self-care behaviors for muscle pain and activity interference from muscle pain.
KeywordsGender; delayed-onset muscle soreness; self-management Fibromyalgia 40,77 and myofascial pain 66 are more prevalent in women than men and the only located epidemiological study of muscle pain within a community sample (N = 780) found that women were more likely to report muscle pain than men. 35 In addition, women have higher pain responses to pressure applied onto muscles than men 1,5,7,25,32,43,44,67 with an exception located. 51 Furthermore, women have greater muscle pain in response to intramuscular injections of algesic substances than men 4,27,79 with one exception located.Address Correspondence to: Erin A. Dannecker, Ph.D., ATC, University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Physical Therapy, 106 Lewis Hall, Columbia, Phone: (573) Fax: (573) 884-8369, Email: danneckere@missouri.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. In contrast, sex differences in movement-induced muscle pain are inconsistently detected. For example, women reported less muscle pain dur...