Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome

Yoon, Sang Jun; Kim, Seul Ki; Lee, Na Young; Choi, Ye Rin; Kim, Hyeong Seob; Gupta, Haripriya; Youn, Gi Soo; Sung, Hotaik; Shin, Min Jea; Suk, Ki Tae

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.002

Cited by 47 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine that has been used as a tonic for thousands of years. Substantial scientific research has shown that ginseng and its components exert various pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune system-improving, and central nervous system-improving effects [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Korean ginseng, a root of Panax ginseng C.A.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wound Healing Effect of Gintonin Involves Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Keratinocytes

Choi

Won

Lee

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Gintonin, a novel compound of ginseng, is a ligand of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor. The in vitro and in vivo skin wound healing effects of gintonin remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of gintonin on wound healing-linked responses, especially migration and proliferation, in skin keratinocytes HaCaT. In this study, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide assay, Boyden chamber migration assay, scratch wound healing assay, and Western blot assay were performed. A tail wound mouse model was used for the in vivo test. Gintonin increased proliferation, migration, and scratch closure in HaCaT cells. It also increased the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HaCaT cells. However, these increases, induced by gintonin, were markedly blocked by treatment with Ki16425, an LPA inhibitor, PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester), a calcium chelator, and U73122, a PLC inhibitor. The VEGF receptor inhibitor axitinib also attenuated gintonin-enhanced HaCaT cell proliferation. Gintonin increased the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 in HaCaT cells. In addition, gintonin improved tail wound healing in mice. These results indicate that gintonin may promote wound healing through LPA receptor activation and/or VEGF release-mediated downstream signaling pathways. Thus, gintonin could be a beneficial substance to facilitate skin wound healing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wound Healing Effect of Gintonin Involves Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Keratinocytes

Choi

Won

Lee

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Plasma exposure of GRg3 was increased 7.3-fold over the 6-fold dose range (10-60 mg, intramuscular injection) without a significant change in clearance and volume of distribution in Chinese healthy volunteers [21]. RGE showed anti-diabetic effect through the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis via the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARγ) and through the increased glucose uptake in adipocytes or skeletal muscle cells [22,23]. RGE fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum, which is involves in the deglycosylation of PPD-type ginsenosides [24], showed better antidiabetic effects compared with RGE treatment in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Mice

et al. 2021

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This study aims to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on in vitro and in vivo metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in mice. When the in vitro fermentation test of RGE with LAB was carried out, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxadiol (PPD), which are final metabolites of ginsenosides but not contained in RGE, were greatly increased. Compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rh1 (GRh1), and GRg3 also increased by about 30%. Other ginsenosides with a sugar number of more than 2 showed a gradual decrease by fermentation with LAB for 7 days, suggesting the involvement of LAB in the deglycosylation of ginsenosides. Incubation of single ginsenoside with LAB produced GRg3, CK, and PPD with the highest formation rate and GRd, GRh2, and GF with the lower rate among PPD-type ginsenosides. Among PPT-type ginsenosides, GRh1 and PPT had the highest formation rate. The amoxicillin pretreatment (20 mg/kg/day, twice a day for 3 days) resulted in a significant decrease in the fecal recovery of CK, PPD, and PPT through the blockade of deglycosylation of ginsenosides after single oral administrations of RGE (2 g/kg) in mice. The plasma concentrations of CK, PPD, and PPT were not detectable without change in GRb1, GRb2, and GRc in this group. LAB supplementation (1 billion CFU/2 g/kg/day for 1 week) after the amoxicillin treatment in mice restored the ginsenoside metabolism and the plasma concentrations of ginsenosides to the control level. In conclusion, the alterations in the gut microbiota environment could change the ginsenoside metabolism and plasma concentrations of ginsenosides. Therefore, the supplementation of LAB with oral administrations of RGE would help increase plasma concentrations of deglycosylated ginsenosides such as CK, PPD, and PPT.

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“…The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a critical indication of oxidative pressure [ 22 ]. MCF-7 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 2 × 10 4 cells per well for 24 h followed by herbal compound treatments for 12 h. After removing culture medium, fresh medium with 10 µM 2′-7′dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) was added to each well, including positive control wells which were subject to 30 min incubation with 1 mM H 2 O 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hesperidin and Chlorogenic Acid Synergistically Inhibit the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells via Estrogen Receptor/Mitochondrial Pathway

Hsu

Chen

Juan-Lu

et al. 2021

Life

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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Hesperidin (Hes) and chlorogenic acid (CA) are traditional medicinal molecules that abundantly exist in natural plants or foods. These compounds have been shown to prevent and suppress various cancers and therefore can be utilized as adjunctive therapies to aid cancer treatment. Here, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays show a greater synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of breast cancer cells, MCF-7, but not normal breast cells, MCF-10A, than hesperidin or chlorogenic acid alone. We present the possible molecular signaling pathways in MCF-7 cells with or without herbal molecule treatments via proteomic approaches. The data were further analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and confirmed by quantifying mRNA associated with the estrogen-receptor signaling pathway and mitochondrial functions. We demonstrated that the expression of CYC1, TFAM, ATP5PB, mtATP6, mtDNA, and NRF-1 were decreased upon 12 h treatment, and subsequent ATP production was also significantly decreased at 24 h. These results identified a synergistic effect induced by combinational treatment with hesperidin and chlorogenic acid, which can regulate mitochondria and ATP production through the estrogen receptor pathway in MCF-7 cells. However, none of the treatments induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that ROS likely plays no role in the observed pharmacological activities. Overall, our study sheds light on the adequacy of hesperidin and chlorogenic acid to serve as an adjunctive therapy when co-administrated with chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer patients.

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Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome

Cited by 47 publications

References 99 publications

Wound Healing Effect of Gintonin Involves Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Keratinocytes

Wound Healing Effect of Gintonin Involves Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Keratinocytes

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Mice

Hesperidin and Chlorogenic Acid Synergistically Inhibit the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells via Estrogen Receptor/Mitochondrial Pathway

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